Good to know
By Elva Arulchelvan, Trinity College Dublin
Research suggests that improving memory may be less about ability and more about subtle shifts in daily habits. A handful of science-backed techniques, ranging from reducing distractions to rethinking how we revisit information, can quietly reshape how the brain holds onto what matters. Together, they hint at simple changes that could make remembering feel far more effortless.
As a researcher investigating how electric brain stimulation
can improve people’s powers of recollection, I’m often asked how memory
works—and what we can do to use it more effectively. Happily, decades of
research have given us some clear answers to both questions.
Memory essentially operates in three stages, with
different brain
regions contributing to each one.
Sensory
memory, which can last only milliseconds, registers raw information such as
sights, sounds, and smells. These are first processed by the brain’s five primary sensory
cortices (visual cortex for sights, auditory cortex for sounds, and so
on).
Working
(short-term) memory holds and manipulates a small amount of
information over several seconds or more. Think of this as your brain’s mental
workspace: the system that lets you do mental arithmetic, follow instructions,
and comprehend what you’re reading. So it mainly involves the prefrontal
cortex—the front part of your brain that supports attention, decision-making,
and reasoning.
Finally, long-term memory stores
information more permanently, from minutes to a lifetime. This includes both
“explicit” memories (facts and life events) and “implicit” ones (skills,
habits, and emotional associations).
For long-term memories, the hippocampus and temporal lobes—located
deep within the brain, around the sides of your head near your
temples—contribute largely to memories involving facts or life events, while
the amygdala (near
the hippocampus), cerebellum (at
the back of the brain), and basal ganglia (deep
in the brain) process emotional or procedural memories.
Working memory often acts as a conscious gateway to
long-term memory—but it
has its limits. In 1956, the American psychologist George Miller proposed
that we can only hold about seven “chunks” of
information in our working memory at any time.
While the exact number
is debated to this day, the principle holds: working memory is limited. And
that limitation can shape how effectively we learn and remember things.
But you can also get your memory working more effectively.
Here are five easy steps for improving both your working and long-term memory.












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