The Dangers of
Transporting Fossil Fuels
By Richard Matthews in Global Warming Is Real
Recent events illustrate that fossil fuels cannot be safely
transported. According to a Manhattan Institute report, petroleum production in North America is now
nearly 18 million barrels a day, and could climb to 27 million barrels a day by
2020.
The recent deadly explosion of rail cars carrying oil highlights the
dangers associated with shipping petroleum. There are also very real risks
associated with the transportation of fossil fuels, whether by train, truck,
tanker, or pipe.
Rail
The shipping of fossil fuels by rail now accounts for only 3
percent of oil and gas shipments in the U.S., but these figures are rising
dramatically. The Association of American Railroads reports that between 2008
and 2011 the total share of oil and gas rail shipments grew dramatically, from
2 percent of all carloads to 11 percent.
As reported in the Washington Post, North America is increasingly shipping oil
by train. Since 2009, the number of train cars carrying crude oil has increased
nearly 20 times, to an estimated 200,000 in 2012. The Canadian Railway
Association estimates that as many as 140,000 carloads of crude oil will be
shipped on Canada’s tracks in 2013, up from 500 carloads in 2009.
Rail incidents release an average of 83,745 gallons of petroleum
per year. The shipping of fossil fuels by rail shows an incident rate of 2.08
per billion ton miles per year. The fatality rate for operator personnel and
the general public between 2005 and 2009, averaged 2.4 people per year.
The average spill volume of petroleum products shipped by rail is 3,504 gallons
per billion ton-miles.
The tragic explosion of oil bearing rail cars early in July
underscores the risks associated with transportation by rail. The explosion of
oil cars that decimated the town of Lac-Megantic, Quebec, killed 15 people,
with dozens more still unaccounted for.
At least 30 buildings were destroyed in
the center of town, including the town’s library, irreplaceable archives and
two thousand people were displaced from their homes (see video here).
The Quebec disaster is the fourth freight train accident in Canada this year
involving crude oil shipments.
Road
The shipping of fossil fuels by truck accounts for 4 percent
percent of oil and gas shipments in the U.S. Trucking incidents release an
average of 477,558 gallons of petroleum each year. Compared to other shipping
modalities, truck transport of fossil fuels has highest rate of incidents, with
19.95 per billion ton miles per year.
Trucking also has the highest fatality
rate. The fatality rate for operator personnel and the general public between
2005 and 2009 averaged 10.2 people a year. The average spill volume of
petroleum products shipped by truck is 13,707 gallons per billion ton-miles.
A dramatic illustration of the dangers of shipping fossil fuels
by truck is illustrated by a 2010 explosion in the Congo where at least 204
people were killed when a tanker truck transporting oil flipped over and
exploded (see video here).
Taken together train and truck transport are responsible for
the majority of incidents (accidents and spills).
Tankers
Tanker and barge traffic accounts for 23 percent of oil
shipments, according to the Manhattan Institute Study. While the dangers of
shipping oil through rail and pipelines have received a lot of press, oil
tankers are responsible for some of the largest oil spills in history. Here is
a review of the three biggest tanker spills (quantities are measured in tonnes
of crude oil with one tonne being roughly equal to 308 US gallons, or 7.33
barrels, or 1165 liters).
- The Odyssey was an oil tanker that spilled its load of crude oil 700 nautical miles (1,300 km; 810 mi) off Nova Scotia, Canada on November 10th, 1988. In total, it spilled an estimated 132,157 tons (43 million gallons) of oil into the ocean. An explosion caused it to sink and the resulting spill remains one of the largest oil spills in world history.
- The Exxon Valdez spilled 104,000 tonnes of oil in Prince William Sound, Alaska, on March 24, 1989. It is considered to be one of the most devastating human-caused environmental disasters. The Valdez spill was the largest ever in US waters until the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill, in terms of volume released. The oil eventually covered 1,300 miles (2,100 km) of coastline, and 11,000 square miles (28,000 km2) of ocean.
- The MV Sea Empress was a single-hull oil tanker that ran aground near the southwest coast of Wales on February 15, 1996. A total of 72,000 tonnes of oil where spilled during the course of this incident. The ensuing oil spill affected a considerable area of nearby coastline, killing birds and soiling beaches.
Pipelines
Spills are an unavoidable corollary of oil pipelines. There are almost
a half million miles of interstate pipelines that carry fossil fuels (crude
oil, petroleum products, and natural gas) in the U.S. A total of 70 percent of
crude oil and petroleum products are shipped by pipeline on a ton-mile basis in
the U.S. Fossil fuel bearing pipelines are a safer alternative when compared to
rail, truck and tanker, but this should not be construed to indicate that they
are safe.
The dangers of fossil fuel pipelines is illustrated by a 2011
pipeline explosion in Nairobi, Kenya, where at least 120 people were burned to
death when a pipeline burst into flames. More than 100 others were
hospitalized.
In the U.S., between 1992 and 2011, oil and gas pipelines have
caused 10,270 injuries and fatalities. The number of incidents has ranged from
339 in 1999, to 721 in 2005. Property damage has ranged from $53 million in
1995 to $1.3 billion in 2011.
A review of pipeline safety has obvious implications for the
proposed Keystone XL pipeline, which would carry tarsands bitumen from Alberta
to Texas. TransCanada’s existing Keystone I pipeline, which would connect to
the XL, has leaked 14 times in its first year of operation.
The Keystone XL pipeline can be expected to average almost 2
spills per year over the course of the fifty-year life of the Keystone line.
Even TransCanada’s own conservative estimates indicates that it expects at
least eleven spills over the life of the pipeline. Just one major spill on the
Keystone XL pipeline could leak up to 1,000,000 barrels of oil, which could
spread over thousands of kilometers.
Montana’s Yellowstone River oil spill by ExxonMobil released
63,000 gallons of crude into the local waterway and spread out over 240 miles.
Early in July, 2013, almost two years to the day after the Yellowstone River
oil spill, a gasoline pipeline outside of the small town of Lodge Grass on
Montana’s Crow Indian Reservation spilled 25,000 gallons of gasoline.
Over the
last 20 years, there have been at least three spills from the 8-inch
underground pipeline now owned by Phillips 66. In the same general area, the
same pipeline spilled 2,300 barrels of gasoline in two separate spills in one
week in 1997.
A significant portion of the Keystone XL pipeline will cut
through Alberta. There are already over 399,000 kilometers of pipelines under
the authority of the Alberta’s Energy Resources Conservation Board.
Alberta’s pipeline network has spilled approximately 28,000 barrels (~4,452
cubic meters) equivalent volumes of liquid hydrocarbons every year since 2005.
From 2006-2010, Alberta’s pipeline network leaked roughly 174,213 barrels of
oil (~27,700 cubic metres). In 2010 alone, more than 21,000 barrels (~3,400
cubic meters) were spilled across the network.
In the last couple of years alone there have been some major
spills in Alberta. In 2011, 28,000 barrels (~4,452 cubic meters) of oil
spilled on the Rainbow pipeline operated by Plains Midstream Canada near Little
Buffalo, Alberta.
In late May 2012, an estimated 22,000 barrels of oil and water
(~3,497 cubic meters) spilled across 4.3 hectares of muskeg in the northwest
part of the province near Rainbow Lake from a pipeline operated by Pace Oil
& Gas, Ltd.
On June 7, 2012, a major oil pipeline failure near Sundre,
Alberta spilled between 1,000 and 3,000 barrels of light sour crude oil (~159-477
cubic meters) into Jackson Creek, a tributary of the Red Deer River. The river
is one of the province’s most important waterways, providing drinking water for
thousands of Albertans.
There have been many other spills in Alberta in recent years.
For more details see Sean Kheraj’s review of pipeline spills in Alberta from 1970 to 2005 and his extensive summary of more recent
oil spills from Alberta’s pipelines between 2006 and 2012.
The Manhattan Institute report states that “pipelines result in
fewer spillage incidents and personal injuries than road and rail…” However,
pipelines spill far more oil in terms of gross volumes than do any other form
of shipping. The average pipeline spill is 19, 412 gallons, which is many times
what we see in incidents associated with truck or rail transport.
Further, pipelines are also worse than rail when spills are
averaged according to the number of miles traveled (11,286 gallons per billion
ton-miles compared to 3,504). Pipeline incidents release an average of 6,592,
366 gallons of petroleum per year which is many times more than any other
transportation method.
All forms of fossil fuel transport whether pipe, rail, truck or
tanker, comes with inherent risks. As explained by Kate Colarulli, of the Sierra Club, “To say we have to
choose between rail and pipelines is cynical and defeatist,” she said, calling
oil a “dangerous fuel” no matter how it is transported.
Factoring the risks associated with the transportation of oil
and gas is an added incentives to wean ourselves off of fossil fuels while
augmenting the relative value of clean sources of energy.
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Richard Matthews is a consultant, eco-entrepreneur, green investor and author of numerous articles on sustainable positioning, eco-economics and enviro-politics. He is the owner of The Green Market Oracle, a leading sustainable business site and one of the Web’s most comprehensive resources on the business of the environment. Find The Green Market on Facebook and follow The Green Market’s twitter feed.
Richard Matthews is a consultant, eco-entrepreneur, green investor and author of numerous articles on sustainable positioning, eco-economics and enviro-politics. He is the owner of The Green Market Oracle, a leading sustainable business site and one of the Web’s most comprehensive resources on the business of the environment. Find The Green Market on Facebook and follow The Green Market’s twitter feed.