Even
when we're resting, our brains are preparing us to be social
University of California - Los Angeles
Even when we're resting, our brains are preparing us to be
social, UCLA psychologists report.
A new study by UCLA neuroscientists sheds light on why social
networks such as Facebook are such a popular diversion for people who feel like
taking a break. Their research shows that even during quiet moments, our brains
are preparing us to be socially connected to other people.
"The brain has a major system that seems predisposed to get us ready to be social in our spare moments," said Matthew Lieberman, a UCLA professor of psychology and of psychiatry and biobehavioral sciences. "The social nature of our brains is biologically based."
The research helps resolve a nearly 20-year-old mystery.
Neuroscientists have known since the 1990s that the brain includes a network of
regions that seems to be most active during periods of rest -- this became
apparent when they examined brain scans of people who were attempting to answer
challenging questions during scientific experiments and noticed that certain
areas of the brain became unusually active during the periods in between the
problem-solving.
But until now, scientists knew very little about what purpose
is served by the brain's activity during those interludes.
The UCLA research, published in the June print edition of theJournal
of Cognitive Neuroscience, shows that during quiet moments, the brain is
preparing to focus on the minds of other people -- or to "see the world
through a social lens," said Lieberman, the study's senior author.
In experiments at UCLA's Ahmanson-Lovelace Brain Mapping Center,
the researchers showed photos with captions to 21 people, and tracked their
brain activity using functional magnetic resonance imaging, or fMRI. Most of
the photos showed people performing actions in a social setting and expressing
a certain emotion.
In one set of 40 photographs, images were paired with
captions that reflected the person's mental state -- "He is feeling
bored" or "She is expressing self-doubt," for example. The
second set of photos had identical images, but with captions that merely
described what the person was doing -- "He is resting his head" or
"She is looking to her side." And a third set of images depicted a
number accompanied by a simple mathematical equation -- for example, "10:
18-8."
Participants were asked to judge whether the captions accurately
expressed what the images showed.
Among the findings:
The same regions of the brain that were active during the brief
times that subjects were not looking at photos were also active when the
participants were considering the photos with captions about people's emotions.
But those areas of the brain were not active when the participants were viewing
the cards with captions about the person's physical activity and those with the
math equations.
Sometimes, a part of the brain called the dorsomedial prefrontal
cortex was more active during the rest period immediately before participants
were asked to look at photos. In those cases, the participants made
significantly faster judgments if the next photo they saw presented a statement
about the person's mental state.
There was no relation between activity in the dorsomedial
prefrontal cortex during rest and the speed of people's decision-making on the
questions involving math equations or the photographs with physical
descriptions.
Study participants who were found to have traits characteristic
of autism spectrum disorders -- the researchers identified them using
questionnaires administered prior to the brain scans -- had less brain activity
in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex during periods of rest and were slower to
judge the mental state of people in the photographs. Those with the least
amount of dorsomedial prefrontal cortex activity were 10 percent slower than
those with the most.
The difference in decision-making speed that the researchers
observed could have a significant effect in people's everyday lives, Lieberman
said. "It might not seem like a huge advantage, but being 10 percent
faster, time after time, in each conversation will allow a person to be much
better prepared and in control of their social lives."
Lieberman, author of the best-selling book "Social: Why Our
Brains Are Wired to Connect," describes the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex
as the "CEO of the social brain." It's part of a network in the brain
that turns on when we dream and during periods of rest, in addition to when we
explicitly think about other people, he said.
Based on activity in that region of the brain when the study
participants were resting, researchers could accurately predict how quickly the
participants would perform the next task.
When the dorsomedial prefrontal
cortex was highly active before participants saw a photo with a description of
a mental state, they were faster in making their judgment; when the region was
only slightly active, their decision-making was slower. The phenomenon applied
equally among men and women.
"It's the same photograph; the only thing that differs is
whether the caption is mind-focused or body-focused," said lead author
Robert Spunt, who conducted the research when he was a UCLA doctoral student in
psychology and is now a postdoctoral scholar at Caltech. "It's
remarkable."
Lieberman said that people who struggle to read social cues in
other people's facial expressions might be able to improve this skill with
practice, and he is conducting additional research to examine whether certain
kinds of practice at social thinking can help improve people's social abilities
more broadly.
The findings suggest that the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex
might turn on during dreams and rest in order to process our recent social
experiences and update our assumptions and understanding of the social world,
Lieberman said.
"It is getting us ready to see the world socially in terms
of other people's thoughts, feelings and goals," he said. "That
indicates it is important; the brain doesn't just turn systems on. We walk around
with our brain trying to reset itself to start thinking about other
minds."
So although Facebook might not have been designed with the
dorsomedial prefrontal cortex in mind, the social network is very much in sync
with how our brains are wired.
"When I want to take a break from work, the brain network
that comes on is the same network we use when we're looking through our
Facebook timeline and seeing what our friends are up to," said Lieberman,
one of the founders of the field of study known as social cognitive
neuroscience.
"That's what our brain wants to do, especially when we take
a break from work that requires other brain networks."
