The Lancet
A new report released by The Rockefeller Foundation-Lancet
Commission on Planetary Health, calls for immediate, global action to protect
the health of human civilization and the natural systems on which it depends.
The report, Safeguarding Human Health in the Anthropocene Epoch, provides the
first ever comprehensive examination of evidence showing how the health and
well-being of future generations is being jeopardised by the unprecedented
degradation of the planet's natural resources and ecological systems.
"This Commission aims to put the health of human
civilizations, and their special relationship with the larger biosphere, at the
centre of concerns for future planetary sustainability. Our civilization may
seem strong and resilient, but history tells us that our societies are fragile
and vulnerable. We hope to show how we can protect and strengthen all that we
hold dear about our world," says Dr Richard Horton, Editor-in-Chief of The
Lancetand one of the report authors.
The report was written by a Commission of 15 leading academics and policymakers from institutions in 8 countries, and was chaired by Professor Sir Andy Haines of the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, UK.
It
demonstrates how human activity and development have pushed to near breaking
point the boundaries of the natural systems that support and sustain human
civilizations.
"The Rockefeller Foundation-Lancet Planetary Health
Commission has issued a dire warning: Human action is undermining the
resilience of Earth's natural systems, and in so doing we are compromising our
own resilience, along with our health and, frankly, our future," said Dr
Judith Rodin, President of The Rockefeller Foundation.
"We are in a
symbiotic relationship with our planet, and we must start to value that in very
real ways. Just as Foundation leaders 100 years ago took a holistic view and
launched the field of public health, the Commission's report marks a paradigm
shift for a new era of global public health, one that must be integrated with
broader policy decisions."
The Commission warns that a rising population, unsustainable
consumption and the over-use of natural resources will exacerbate these health
challenges in the future. The world's poorest communities will be among those
at greatest risk, as they live in areas that are most strongly affected and
have greater sensitivity to disease and poor health.
"We are on the verge of triggering irreversible, global
effects, ranging from ocean acidification to biodiversity loss," says
Professor Haines.
"These environmental changes -- which include, but
extend far beyond climate change -- threaten the gains in health that have been
achieved over recent decades and increase the risks to health arising from
major challenges as diverse as under-nutrition and food insecurity, freshwater
shortages, emerging infectious diseases, and extreme weather events."
Concerns that global environmental change represents a growing
threat to human health are underlined by two new research articles being
published in conjunction with the report. One article, published in The
Lancet, quantifies for the first time the human health implications of
declines in animal pollinators (such as bees and other insects).
The study, led
by one of the report Commissioners, Dr Samuel Myers, from Harvard T. H. Chan
School of Public Health, USA, shows that global declines in animal pollinators
could lead to up to 1.4 million excess deaths annually (an increase in global
mortality of 2.7%) from a combination of increased vitamin A and folate
deficiency and increased incidence of non-communicable diseases like heart
disease, stroke, and certain cancers. The research shows that these health
effects would be experienced in both developed and developing countries.
The second study, also led by Dr Myers, and published in The
Lancet Global Health, quantifies for the first time a major global health
threat associated with anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions.
The study shows that reductions in the zinc content of important food crops as
a response to rising concentrations of CO2 in the atmosphere
will place between 132-180 million people at new risk for zinc deficiency
globally by around 2050.
In addition, these nutrient reductions will exacerbate
existing zinc deficiency for billions around the world. Zinc deficiency leads
to hundreds of thousands of premature deaths from infectious disease because of
reduced immune function.
Solutions to these clear and potent dangers are within reach,
say the Commission authors, but the world needs to take decisive, coordinated
action to protect the environment and secure the health of future generations.
The Commission outlines a range of beneficial policies and
actions that can be taken by governments, international organisations,
researchers, health professionals and citizens that are good for both health
and the environment.
Examples include benefits from reduced air pollution,
healthy diets with more fruit and vegetables, active transport (walking and
cycling), reduced urban heat stress from green spaces, and increased resilience
to coastal flooding from intact wetlands and mangroves. In addition, the report
identifies some major gaps in evidence and the research that is needed.
Some of
the recommendations include:
Integrated social, economic and environmental policies: Policies
and initiatives need to be designed to promote more efficient use of current
resources to allow for the replenishment of natural systems. They should also
spur innovation and make sustainable practices more mainstream, such as
reducing waste and developing resilient cities.
Better governance: Leaders need to take initiatives to reduce
the risks to health and vital ecosystems, and implement policies to reduce
subsidies that block sustainable practices, encourage behavioral change,
incentivize the private sector, support research, and promote public discourse.
To help ensure that Planetary Health is at the center of national policy,
governments should give responsibility for monitoring trends and developing
policies to a body that answers directly to the Head of State.
Improved health systems: Environmental health needs must be
integrated into health budgeting and purchasing. In addition, as environmental
threats will be characterised by surprise and uncertainty, health systems must
be designed for resilience, planning for potential risks and adapting quickly
to meet challenges and restore services.
A reorganisation and expansion of our knowledge on Planetary
Health: There are substantial gaps in knowledge that can be closed with the
expansion of trans disciplinary research, improved understanding of the links
between health and environmental change and potential adaptation strategies,
building integrated surveillance systems and reporting on progress nationally
and internationally.
Events announcing the release of the report will be held in New
York City, USA, and in Johannesburg, South Africa on 16 July, 2015, and in Los
Angeles, USA, on 17 July, 2015. Additional launches are planned in Australia,
Chile, China, Kenya, Pakistan, and UK.