American Heart Association
Deaths from heart attacks, strokes and other heart diseases have
been declining, but social factors, including race, income, environment and
education could reverse that trend according to a first of its kind scientific
statement from the American Heart Association.
Advances in prevention and treatment have driven the decline in
cardiovascular deaths, but the benefits have not been shared equally across
economic, racial, and ethnic groups in the United States, according to the
statement, published in the association's journal Circulation.
"The steady decline of death from cardiovascular disease that began in the 1970s might be coming to an end. Overall population health cannot improve if parts of the population do not benefit from improvements in prevention and treatment," said Edward P. Havranek, M.D., chair of the writing group and a cardiologist at Denver Health Medical Center and professor of cardiology at the University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado.
Social determinants include circumstances in which people are
born, grow, live, work and age. The statement notes several areas in which
clear associations between societal factors and cardiovascular health have been
shown. Among those:
Education is a top indicator of one's socioeconomic status
because it affects what kind of job a person has, their access to healthcare,
income, stress and more. Research indicates that people with lower educational
levels die younger, largely due to cardiovascular disease, according to
Havranek.
The lower the income, the higher the risk for cardiovascular
disease. In one study of more than 500,000 men, researchers found a 40 percent
to 50 percent decrease in risk of cardiovascular death, with increasing levels
of family income.
There is overlap between race and poverty in the United States,
which is especially evident among African Americans. While some differences in
cardiovascular risk among races might be explained by genetics and biology,
there are other factors.
"Whether or not bias and prejudice lead to less care or
poorer care is an area that people are actively studying," Havranek said.,
"There also is evidence that people who experience the chronic stressors,
such as racism, might have higher blood pressure as a result."
Studies support that the neighborhoods in which people live
likely affect their heart disease risk. "We need to learn more about why
that is, but contributing factors could include less access to healthy food,
less opportunity for physical activity, higher stress levels with higher crime,
noise, traffic, etc.," Havranek said.
Prenatal and early childhood development. Emerging evidence
suggests that one's tendency to develop high blood pressure and perhaps
diabetes as adults is in some way determined by things that happen before birth
and through early life.
There's evidence that children with low birth weight tend to
have structural changes to the heart and kidneys that may predispose them high
blood pressure and diabetes, when they're adults.
Also, a study found that preschool children in an enhanced
daycare program, where they were educated, referred to a pediatrician and
received healthy meals seemed to have lower risk for heart disease 30 years
later compared to preschoolers in usual daycare.
"There may be an opportunity to prevent adults' chronic
illnesses by doing a better job of taking care of preschool kids,"
Havranek said.
Access to healthcare. Health insurance access could improve
significantly with the Affordable Care Act. "But we still need to have a
healthcare system that is welcoming to people who might fall into disadvantaged
groups, where people can find primary care doctors and can get timely
care," he noted.
The number of cardiovascular disease cases in the United States
is expected to rise about 10 percent between 2010 and 2030. The social dynamic
of cardiovascular disease is helping to drive the increase, according to the
statement.
Addressing the social influences, as well as biological and
genetic influences, on cardiovascular health in America is necessary to achieve
what the American Heart Association calls the inclusive "culture of
health."
"Failure to address the social dynamic of cardiovascular
disease will compromise the American Heart Association's 2020 Impact Goal to
improve cardiovascular health of all Americans by 20 percent while reducing
deaths from cardiovascular diseases and stroke by 20 percent," Havranek
said.
The statement suggests doctors and consumers pay attention to
how social factors might impact cardiovascular health and recommends specific
steps for improving social factors that could negatively impact cardiovascular
health. These include a focus on a new kind of advocacy.
"We're used to public health programs that educate people
to know their blood pressure or cholesterol numbers. We're less comfortable
with public health programs focused on getting three-year-olds into daycare
programs, which may improve their health down the road. We might be less
accustomed to (but need) public health programs that look at how urban planners
can improve neighborhoods that are seeing higher rates of cardiovascular
disease," he said.