Australia
- 20 years after gun reform. no
mass shootings, declining firearm deaths
University of Sydney
Since gun law reform and the Firearms Buyback program 20 years
ago, Australia has seen an accelerating decline in intentional firearm deaths
and an absence of fatal mass shootings, the Journal of the American Medical
Association(JAMA) reports in a landmark study.
"The absence of mass shootings in Australia in the past two
decades compares to 13 fatal mass shootings in the 18 years prior to these
sweeping reforms," says the University of Sydney's Emeritus Professor
Simon Chapman, who led the study with colleagues Philip Alpers and Macquarie
University's Professor Mike Jones.
The introduction of Australia's unprecedented gun laws followed
the mass firearm shooting in April of 1996, when a man used two semiautomatic
rifles to kill 35 people and wound 19 others in Port Arthur, Tasmania.
In June 1996 the federal government enacted new gun laws banning rapid-fire long guns, including those already in private ownership, explicitly to reduce their availability for mass shootings. These gun laws were progressively implemented in all six states and two territories between June 1996 and August 1998.
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| In the US, we all pay the price for gun violence |
In addition, by 1 January 1997, federal and all state
governments commenced a mandatory buyback at market price of prohibited
firearms. From 1 October 1997, large criminal penalties, including imprisonment
and heavy fines, applied to possession of any prohibited weapon.
A handgun buyback followed in 2003, and thousands of gun owners
also voluntarily surrendered additional, non-prohibited firearms without
compensation. Since 1996, more than a million privately owned firearms are
known to have been surrendered or seized, then melted down.
Also, despite a surge of post-law gun buying to replace
destroyed semiautomatic and other rapid-fire weapons with single-shot rifles
and shotguns, in a trend that preceded the Firearms Buyback program -- which
seems to have been accelerated by this initiative -- the proportion of
Australian households reporting private gun ownership declined by 75 per cent
between 1988 and 2005.
Key
findings
In the 18 years prior to federal and state government gun
reforms (1979-1996) Australia saw 13 fatal mass shootings in which 104 victims
were killed and at least another 52 were wounded. There have been no fatal mass
shootings since that time. 'Mass shootings' were defined as five or more
victims killed by gunshot, not counting the perpetrator(s).
From 1979 to 1996, total firearm deaths in Australia were
declining at an average 3 per cent per year. Since then, the average decline in
total firearm deaths has accelerated significantly to 5 per cent annually.
Over the same comparison period, there was a significant
acceleration in the downward trend for firearm suicides and a non-significant
acceleration in the downward trend in firearm homicides.
The researchers also examined total all-cause homicide and
all-method suicide data to assess the possibility that reduced access to
firearms permitted the substitution of other lethal methods, such as knives or
hanging, to commit suicide or homicide.
From 1979 to 1996, the average annual rate of total nonfirearm
suicide and homicide deaths was rising at 2.1 per cent per year. Since then,
the average annual rate of total nonfirearm suicide and homicide deaths has
been declining by 1.4 per cent, supporting a conclusion that there has been no
substitution of other lethal means for suicides or homicides.
"Opponents of public health measures to reduce the
availability of firearms often claim that 'killers just find another way.' Our
findings show the opposite: there is no evidence of murderers moving to other
methods, and the same is true of suicide," said co-author Philip Alpers.
Finally, researchers compared changes in firearm deaths and
nonfirearm deaths and suicides before and after the gun law reforms to assess
whether the observed change in firearm deaths can be attributed to gun law
reforms.
While there was a more rapid decline in firearm deaths from 1997
to 2013 compared to before 1997, there was also a greater acceleration in the
decline in total nonfirearm suicide and homicide deaths. Because of this, it is
not possible to determine whether the change in firearm deaths can be
attributed to gun law reforms.
Macquarie University's Professor Mike Jones says: "To me
there are two key findings from this study. One is that in the 20 years after
the passage of gun control laws there has not been a mass shooting in Australia
despite an average of two every three years for some time before that. The
other is that the acceleration of the decline in gun-related deaths means lives
saved. We can argue over how many but the data says lives have been
saved."
Professor Simon Chapman said: "Australia's experience shows
that banning rapid-fire firearms was associated with reductions in mass
shootings and total firearm deaths. In today's context, these findings offer an
example which, with public support and political courage, might reduce gun
deaths in other countries."
