Ohio State University
Scientists have found good strategies for curbing the toxic
algae blooms that have threatened some of the nation's water supplies. Farmers
are willing to adopt these strategies. The American public is willing to help
pay for them.
Problem solved? Not exactly.
A collaboration of universities and government agencies has
identified three key agricultural management plans for curtailing harmful algal
blooms.
They have also identified a looming funding gap for enacting
those plans.
Researchers announced their first results both at the
American Geophysical Union (AGU) fall meeting and in a special issue of the Journal
of Great Lakes Research.
Jay Martin, director of the Field to Faucet water quality
program at The Ohio State University, leads the unusual project, which maps
both the physical causes of toxic algae and the social landscape around the
problem.
He and his team took as their starting point the recent binational agreement between the United States and Canada to cut phosphorus discharge into Lake Erie by 40 percent. They surveyed farmers and the public and built watershed models to explore different ways to keep phosphorus from reaching the lake, where it feeds toxic algae.
"The big question now is, can we reach our goal of 40
percent reduction, and how do we do it?" Martin said. "The hopeful
news that we have found is that there are multiple ways to get there, and
farmers are already adopting the very same agricultural practices that we found
to be most promising. If they can continue to adopt these practices and even
accelerate their adoption, we can reach the 40 percent reduction we need to
have safe levels of algal blooms in Lake Erie, while preserving agricultural
production."
The researchers have identified three key farming practices that
could reduce algae levels: subsurface application of fertilizer and the use of
cover crops and buffer strips. Cover crops are grown in fields that would
otherwise go fallow to keep rain from washing phosphorus-laden fertilizer into
the lake.
Buffer strips are non-crop plants that surround fields and serve the
same kind of purpose.
In their surveys of farmers in the Lake Erie watershed, the
researchers found that 39 percent were already applying fertilizer below the
soil surface; 22 percent were already growing cover crops; and 35 percent were
already using buffer strips.
Each of those numbers, while encouraging, falls at least 20
percent short of where they need to be to reach phosphorus reduction goals, the
study found.
Also encouraging: researchers found that Ohio residents were
willing to help farmers pay for these practices. In the first survey of its
kind, they asked residents to put a monetary value on reducing toxic algae in
Lake Erie.
For example, they asked people how much reducing algae by 10
percent was worth. The answer that came back was quite specific: $150 million.
And the answer was consistent, in that when researchers asked
about reducing algae by 20 percent or 30 percent, respondents placed a $150
million value on every additional 10 percent.
A 20 percent reduction was worth $300 million, and so on.
People said they were willing to pay slightly higher food
prices, or even a special income tax or sales tax that would benefit farmers to
make the changes happen.
Reducing algae would likely carry a higher price tag, however:
"While it looks like the reduction is possible, it will be a heavy
lift," Martin said.
In fact, $150 million was the preliminary estimate that Ohio
State researchers made in a study with the Nature Conservancy earlier this year
-- but for annual mitigation of phosphorus runoff in only the most critical
areas.
That project was led by Stuart Ludsin, an associate professor of
evolution, ecology and organismal biology and co-director of Ohio State's
Aquatic Ecology Laboratory.
Still, the payoff for reducing phosphorus goes beyond Lake Erie,
Ludsin said.
"If done correctly, agricultural conservation practices
aimed at improving water quality in Lake Erie can also boost the health of
stream-fish communities throughout the watershed," he added.
Lake Erie is at the center of toxic algae research today,
because it contains 50 percent of all the fish in the Great Lakes, supports a
$1.7 billion tourism industry and provides drinking water for 11 million people.
But the same problems are beginning to plague areas of the Mississippi Valley
and coastal Florida, as well as coastlines around the world.
Martin and his team are presenting their findings at the AGU
session "New Frontiers in Water Resources: Achieving Water Resource
Security in Times of Climate Change, Urbanization, and Agricultural
Expansion" co-organized by Noel Aloysius, who is also involved in the
study. The session also highlights some of the promising strategies being used
elsewhere.
Among them: Michele Reba, a hydrologist with USDA, is testing
ways for farmers in the Mississippi Valley to capture and reuse their
irrigation water, which keeps fertilizer nutrients on the farm.
Restoring lost wetlands -- or creating new ones -- is another
strategy that is proving successful in the Florida Everglades. There, William
Mitsch, director of Everglades Wetland Research Park at Florida Gulf Coast
University, has found that tuning the plant and soil composition of wetlands
can nearly eliminate all phosphorus runoff into surrounding waters.
In its special issue on Lake Erie, the Journal of Great
Lakes Research explores these and other topics, including the roles of
sediment, plankton, and climate change in promoting algae. More than a dozen
papers are available as open access content online.