Researchers
identify new class of antibiotics with potential to fight ‘superbugs’
Kevin Stacey,
Brown University
A team of researchers
led by Brown University infectious disease experts and engineers has identified
a new class of antibiotics that could one day help combat the alarming
emergence of drug-resistant “superbugs.”
Eleftherios Mylonakis,
a professor of infectious diseases at Brown’s Warren Alpert Medical School and
chief of infectious diseases at Rhode Island Hospital and the Miriam Hospital,
led a multidisciplinary team of researchers searching for drugs to target
bacteria that have developed a resistance to conventional antibiotics.
Their research led to
the identification of two synthetic retinoids, both of which demonstrated the
ability to kill MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus),
a type of staph bacteria that is resistant to several antibiotics.
Retinoids, which are chemically related to Vitamin A, are used to treat a variety of health problems, including acne and cancer.
Retinoids, which are chemically related to Vitamin A, are used to treat a variety of health problems, including acne and cancer.
“This is an
emergency,” Mylonakis said, citing a World Health Organization (WHO) projection
that “by 2050, superbugs will surpass cancer as the global No. 1 killer. This
is a frightening situation. It affects more than individuals in the hospital or
the very ill or the very old. It affects everybody.”
In addition to fellow
scientists at Brown, Mylonakis collaborated with researchers from Massachusetts
Eye and Ear Infirmary, Massachusetts General Hospital, Emory University and
Northwestern University.
He said that teams like his are stepping in to fill a void left by the major pharmaceutical companies, which have not invested in the development of new antibiotics for many years.
He said that teams like his are stepping in to fill a void left by the major pharmaceutical companies, which have not invested in the development of new antibiotics for many years.
“In a simplistic way,
it’s a math problem,” Mylonakis said. "It takes the bugs an average of two
years to develop resistance to antibiotics. It takes more than 10 to 15 years
of work to get an antibiotic into clinical practice."
Mylonakis said
drug-resistant staphylococcus is of great concern for several reasons: It’s
omnipresent in the environment and on our skin, is highly virulent and can
cause serious blood, bone and organ infections.
The research team
developed novel ways to screen a remarkable 82,000 synthetic compounds to
identify those that would serve as effective antibiotics but not be toxic to
humans.
Ultimately, 85 compounds were identified that decreased the ability of MRSA to kill laboratory roundworms. Of those, two, both synthetic retinoids, were selected as the best candidates for further study.
Ultimately, 85 compounds were identified that decreased the ability of MRSA to kill laboratory roundworms. Of those, two, both synthetic retinoids, were selected as the best candidates for further study.
Sophisticated computer
modeling and other studies showed that these retinoids impair bacterial
membranes.
Moreover, these compounds kill so-called MRSA “persister” cells that are drug-resistant dormant cells that are not susceptible to current antibiotic therapies.
The ability of the drugs to make bacterial membranes more permeable also appeared to be factor in why they worked well in tandem with an existing antibiotic, gentamicin.
Moreover, these compounds kill so-called MRSA “persister” cells that are drug-resistant dormant cells that are not susceptible to current antibiotic therapies.
The ability of the drugs to make bacterial membranes more permeable also appeared to be factor in why they worked well in tandem with an existing antibiotic, gentamicin.
Chemists at Emory
University, as part of the research team, modified the retinoids to retain
maximum potency against MRSA, while minimizing toxicity.
“The molecule weakens
the cell membranes of bacteria, but human cells also have membranes,” said
William Wuest, an associate professor of chemistry and a member of the Emory
Antibiotic Resistance Center.
“We found a way to tweak the molecule so that it now selectively targets bacteria.”
“We found a way to tweak the molecule so that it now selectively targets bacteria.”
The computer modeling
was led by Huajian Gao, a professor in Brown’s School of Engineering and
one of the study’s authors.
The powerful computer simulations demonstrated a route toward understanding the molecular interactions between the screened compounds and bacteria membrane and determining the energy barriers for their penetration and embedment inside the membrane.
The powerful computer simulations demonstrated a route toward understanding the molecular interactions between the screened compounds and bacteria membrane and determining the energy barriers for their penetration and embedment inside the membrane.
“This has been a very exciting multidisciplinary project,” Gao said.
The results were
overwhelmingly positive, Mylonakis added.
“We are extremely
optimistic,” he said. But “this is still years away from coming to clinical
trial.”
The study was
supported by National Institutes of Health (Grant P01 AI083214), the National
Science Foundation (Grant CMMI-156290) and the National Institute of General
Medical Sciences (Grant 1R35GM119426).