We can't feed the world eating the way we eat now
The way many of us were brought up |
"Civilisation is in
crisis. We can no longer feed our population a healthy diet while balancing
planetary resources," wrote the commission, which was a three-year project
and is comprised of 37 scientists from around the globe.
"For the first time in 200,000 years of human history, we are severely out of synchronisation with the planet and nature."
"For the first time in 200,000 years of human history, we are severely out of synchronisation with the planet and nature."
The authors say
reconnecting with nature is the key in turning around unsustainable agriculture
and poor diets.
If humans can "eat in a way that works for our planet as well as our bodies, the natural balance of the planet's resources will be restored," they write. "The nature that is disappearing holds the key to human and planetary survival."
If humans can "eat in a way that works for our planet as well as our bodies, the natural balance of the planet's resources will be restored," they write. "The nature that is disappearing holds the key to human and planetary survival."
Benefits to food
security — and health
They lay out the main
strategies to achieve food security for the estimated 10 billion people that
will inhabit the planet in three decades.
➤Encourage people to eat
healthy diets high in whole grains, fruits and vegetables, with less meat (for
most countries) and sugar;
➤Incentivize more small
and medium farms and diversity within production;
➤Protect land, oceans and
the biodiversity and habitats within them by prohibiting land clearing, restoring
degraded land, stopping exploitive fishing and keeping some ocean areas off
limits to fishing;
➤Curb freshwater use;
➤Reduce fossil fuel
emissions;
➤Cut the amount of
current food waste in half.
For diets, the authors
recommend consumption of red meats and sugars to decrease by 50 percent, while
increasing consumption of nuts, fruits, vegetables and legumes two-fold. They
said, however, the diets are dependent on the country.
Such changes, according
to the report, would not only spur food security, but health: averting between
10.9 million to 11.6 million premature deaths per year and reduce adult deaths
by between 19 percent and 23.6 percent.
These changes will not
be easy. Already more than 820 million people have insufficient food, another
roughly 2 billion people are eating too much unhealthy foods.
Agriculture is the
largest pressure humans put on the planet.
In addition, the
population of the planet is expected to grow to about 10 billion by 2050 from
its current estimated 7.5 billion.
"The agricultural
sector, while successful in feeding the world, hasn't been successful in
feeding the world well," said co-author, Jessica Fanzo, a professor and
researcher of global food and agricultural policy and ethics at Johns Hopkins
University.
Diets and
"planetary boundaries"
To address this crisis,
the authors put science-based target numbers to aim for.
For a personal diet, the
authors break down how many calories a person should aim for per day for each
food group: most calories should come from whole grains, unsaturated oils,
legumes, dairy and fruits, with large recommended decreases in meat and
sweeteners compared to most current Western Diets.
"I think it's very
possible," said co-author Walter Willett, a professor of epidemiology and
nutrition at Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health.
He added such a diet "would definitely include" the type of traditional Mediterranean diets that have risen in popularity in recent years, and he also pointed out that red meat consumption in the United States has come down 40 percent since its peak in the 1970s.
He added such a diet "would definitely include" the type of traditional Mediterranean diets that have risen in popularity in recent years, and he also pointed out that red meat consumption in the United States has come down 40 percent since its peak in the 1970s.
For the planet, the
authors set "planetary boundaries" for food production to achieve the
diet recommendations. These are the minimum agricultural pressures we can put
on the Earth to adequately feed people but not hamper the planet's systems.
Their boundaries are:
- 5 gigatons of greenhouse gas emissions per year;
- 90 teragrams (1 teragram = 1 trillion grams) of nitrogen per year;
- 8 teragrams of phosphorous per year;
- 2,500 cubic kilometers of water use per year;
- 10 wildlife extinctions per million species years (this means if there are a million species on Earth, 10 would go extinct every year);
- 13 million square kilometers of land switched converted to agriculture.
If we do not transform
the food system, said co-author Johan Rockström, a researcher and professor in
environmental science at the Stockholm Resilience Centre, "we are very
unlikely to lift humanity out of hunger" and "very likely" to
fail on international goals such as the Paris Climate Agreement.
However, on the flip side, there are "win-win opportunities here … adopting healthy diets help us with both climate and sustainable development goals," Rockström said.
"Adopting a healthy
reference diet combined with reducing food waste and investing in scientific
technology … can take us to the place we want to be," he said.
You can view the entire report here.