By FRANK CARINI/ecoRI
News staff
As we enter 2019, and
the fifth year since the much-heralded Resilient Rhode Island Act was passed, a
recent climate assessment laid out the bleak situation: the Ocean State needs
to move beyond business as usual when it comes to reducing greenhouse-gas
emissions.
The 2014 law created the Executive Climate Change Coordinating Council
(EC4) and gave it an ambitious to-do list. But Rhode Island’s pass-the-buck
General Assembly expected the unpaid 12-member board, with no staff to conduct
research or handle administrative tasks, to address the many challenges of
climate change with no funding and no authority. Half a decade later, marginal
support from the Statehouse has left Rhode Island running to stand still.
The recently released
Civic Alliance for a Cooler Rhode Island (CACRI) assessment sheds light
on Rhode Island’s lack of urgency when it comes to concrete actions on
climate-change mitigation and, to a lesser extent, adaptation.
The assessment says that
while the “EC4 has done an outstanding job in basic respects” and “serves a
vital function that needs to be continued … it is not sufficient to achieve
needed progress.”
The author of last month’s assessment, Ken Payne, said part of the problem is that the EC4 was never given any authority to enforce climate targets. He noted that the Resilient Rhode Island Act neither includes a grant of powers to the EC4 to perform its duties nor provides for an allocation of resources needed to do the work.
Enforceable targets for greenhouse-gas emissions reductions are crucial and new powers of implementation need to be established in state agencies, according to the 10-page assessment.
During a press briefing
last month to discuss the CACRI assessment, Payne, a former senior policy
adviser to the Rhode Island Senate and a former director of the Rhode Island
Senate Policy Office, noted that now is the time to assess the situation and
make adjustments to state agencies and public law that are responsible for the
reduction of Rhode Island’s climate emissions.
“2020 is the year in
which we will have to evaluate whether or not we have met our first
greenhouse-gas emissions reduction target,” he said. “Whatever the conclusion,
the recent news regarding the need for emissions reductions has not been good.
The need for greater emission reductions is much more pressing if we are to
avoid a local economic collapse and a global cataclysm.”
Payne noted that the EC4
meets during typical business hours, thus giving the working public a narrow
opening to address the council. For instance, the EC4’s most recent meeting,
Dec. 3 at Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management (DEM)
headquarters in Providence, was held from 2:30-4 p.m.
He said many of the comments heard at these meetings are given by people with a professional career interest in climate-change issues, such as energy companies and fossil-fuel front groups.
He said many of the comments heard at these meetings are given by people with a professional career interest in climate-change issues, such as energy companies and fossil-fuel front groups.
The assessment also
noted that while “the EC4 and its advisory boards have illuminated positive
things that are happening in Rhode Island” they haven’t used the “provisions of
Chapters 205 and 255 of the Public Laws of 2017 requiring a
study of carbon pricing
as means to incentivize change” or used the “best available science and
technical information in evaluating the state’s policies and programs aimed at
mitigating and adapting to climate change.”
ecoRI News takes a look
at the tasks the EC4 was expected to address. It was, for example, required to
present its own data and recommendations to meet climate goals, but has so far
produced nothing. It hasn’t funded a report that studies a possible carbon tax,
not surprising since the council’s work is unfunded. It’s overdue in publishing
its 2018 annual report.
Also, the EC4’s Science
& Technical Board hasn’t delivered updates on climate-change assessments.
In fact, the advisory board hasn’t met with a quorum since 2016.
The following is a look
at the EC4’s mandated duties
and where they stand more than four years after the Resilient Rhode Island Act
was passed:
TASK: Assess, integrate, and coordinate
climate-change efforts “throughout state agencies to reduce emissions,
strengthen the resilience of communities, and prepare for the effects of
climate change, including, but not limited to, coordinating vulnerability
assessments throughout state government.”
STATUS: This past summer state officials unveiled the Resilient Rhody plan. The report, which state
officials routinely point to for its importance, combines the climate-change
work of various local agencies, institutions, and environmental groups and,
based off that already available information, lists five dozen recommended
actions, such as monitor existing coastline pilot projects, develop offshore
sand sources suitable for beach replenishment, prioritize beaches to be
re-nourished, and create beach and barrier migration pathways through property
acquisition and relocation of structures.
The 2018 document is the
culmination of 54 reports and studies conducted across the state since 2014 and
10 public meetings held statewide in 2017.
“The Resilient Rhody
strategy complements our successful efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions,
increase renewable energy generation, and create green jobs statewide,”
according to Gov. Gina Raimondo. “Resilient Rhody builds on climate resilience
efforts that are well underway, and prioritizes published reports, existing
tools, and established, effective plans to guide us toward a more resilient
future.”
To ensure a common
understanding of climate resilience, project participants adopted a definition
to align with Ocean State priorities: “Climate resilience is the capacity of
individuals, institutions, businesses, and natural systems within Rhode Island to
survive, adapt, and grow regardless of chronic stresses and weather events they
experience.”
For comparison sake, the
Union of Concerned Scientists defines resilience differently: “A framework and
principles to ensure that investments in climate change adaptation are
scientifically sound, socially just, fiscally sensible, and adequately
ambitious.”
Resilient Rhody offers a
host of guiding principles, such as “Equitably reduce the burden of climate
change impacts with particular attention to environmental justice communities
across the state,” and talks a good game — “Effectively addressing climate
change needs to leverage bold emission reduction targets and adaptation
measures.” — but provides no clear path on how to make the big changes needed
to effectively address climate change.
The report doesn’t
include any immediate action steps or a timeline for meeting its goals. It
makes no mention of a carbon tax or of carbon pricing.
TASK: No later than Dec. 31, 2017, submit to the
governor and General Assembly a plan that includes strategies, programs, and
actions to meet targets for greenhouse-gas emissions reductions: 10 percent
below 1990 levels by 2020; 45 percent below 1990 levels by 2035; 80 percent
below 1990 levels by 2050.
The plan would also
study the effectiveness of a state and/or multi-state carbon-pricing program
(carbon tax) to incentivize institutions and industry to reduce carbon
emissions.
STATUS: More than a year has past since the deadline
was ignored and no plan has been submitted. Bills to create a carbon tax have
gone nowhere.
In 2015, sponsors of
carbon-tax legislation pulled their bills after
deciding the idea was bad for the economy. In 2016, a carbon-tax bill died in
committee. In 2017, the Senate made a concession by passing a bill that ordered
a study of the impacts of a carbon tax on Rhode Island — the same kind of study
the Resilient Rhode Island Act mandated three years earlier. Raimondo signed
the bill, but the study has languished because of a lack of funding. Last year,
another carbon-tax bill and a bill that would have given the toothless
Resilient Rhode Island Act some enforcement bite were both held for further study.
“It really hogties Rhode
Island citizens and Rhode Island businesses,” Rep. Daniel McKiernan,
D-Providence, gave as a reason in 2015 for why he pulled his carbon-tax
legislation.
Then, like now, business
groups oppose this climate solution, because it would rattle the status quo.
The Greater Providence
Chamber of Commerce, the Northern Rhode Island Chamber of Commerce, the New
England Convenience Store & Energy Marketers Association, the Rhode Island
Business Coalition, the Rhode Island Lumber and Building Materials Dealers
Association, and the Oil Heat Institute of Rhode Island have claimed a fee on
carbon would impose a financial burden on businesses.
John Simmons, executive
director of the Rhode Island Public Expenditures Council, testified at a
Statehouse hearing in 2017 that the reduction in emissions created by a Rhode
Island carbon tax wouldn’t be enough to curtail the impacts of climate change.
His business-as-usual thinking went like this: greenhouse-gas emissions are “a
global problem to which Rhode Island makes little contribution.”
While research and
studies have found that a fee on carbon both helps the environment and the
economy, well-compensated front groups for the well-heeled fossil-fuel industry
lobby Congress to oppose climate legislation, spread false information about
climate science, and run marketing campaigns that boost the image of coal,
natural gas, oil, and other carbon energy sources.
One study, for instance,
has concluded that British Columbia’s fuel tax
has been successful at cutting carbon emissions and reducing individual and
corporate taxes. A 2015 study commissioned
by Energize Rhode Island found that a carbon tax
would create up to 5,000 new jobs and generate about $140 million annually.
Forty million of those dollars would subsidize renewable-energy projects and
energy-efficiency programs. The remainder would returned to taxpayers as a
dividend.
A 2016 study by the
University of Pennsylvania’s Wharton School found that a “revenue-neutral
carbon tax is a good choice for the U.S. to mitigate the negative externalities
of pollution and promote economic activity.”
Eight well-connected
conservatives, in February 2017, authored a paper titled The Conservative Case for Carbon
Dividends that called for a gradually increasing carbon tax.
“Mounting evidence of
climate change is growing too strong to ignore. While the extent to which
climate change is due to man-made causes can be questioned, the risks
associated with future warming are too big and should be hedged,” according to
the authors, who still felt the need to question established science.
“At least we need an insurance policy. For too long, many Republicans have looked the other way, forfeiting the policy initiative to those who favor growth-inhibiting command-and-control regulations, and fostering a needless climate divide between the GOP and the scientific, business, military, religious, civic and international mainstream. Now that the Republican Party controls the White House and Congress, it has the opportunity and responsibility to promote a climate plan that showcases the full power of enduring conservative convictions.”
“At least we need an insurance policy. For too long, many Republicans have looked the other way, forfeiting the policy initiative to those who favor growth-inhibiting command-and-control regulations, and fostering a needless climate divide between the GOP and the scientific, business, military, religious, civic and international mainstream. Now that the Republican Party controls the White House and Congress, it has the opportunity and responsibility to promote a climate plan that showcases the full power of enduring conservative convictions.”
A carbon-tax dividend
shifts wealth to lower income groups, so that could be the reason why the idea
of a nationwide carbon tax doesn’t receive serious congressional consideration.
As for the Ocean State’s
emission-reduction targets, Elizabeth Stone, DEM’s programming services
officer, told ecoRI News that Rhode Island is on track to meet 2020 target
levels.
DEM noted that the state
has accomplished this through a “comprehensive suite of strategies:” the
Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative; energy efficiency; the Renewable Energy Standard; and Raimondo’s Lead by Example executive order.
DEM said it will release
the state’s greenhouse-gas emission inventory and report on meeting Resilient
Rhody’s targets by the end of the year, as required by another report, the 2016
Rhode Island Greenhouse Gas
Emissions Reduction Plan.
TASK: Advance the state’s understanding of the
impacts of climate change, including, but not limited to, sea-level rise,
coastal and shoreline changes, severe weather events, critical infrastructure
vulnerability, and ecosystem, economic, and health impacts, including the
effects of carbon pollution on children's health.
STATUS: It could be easily argued that those most in
need of understanding — and respecting — the impacts of climate change roam the
Statehouse’s hallways and lounge in its corner offices. A bevy of plans,
studies, and assessments — many of the them commissioned by lawmakers
themselves — paint a perfectly clear picture of the situation.
From vector-borne
diseases to the stability of the region’s fisheries to its impact on the
state’s most vulnerable populations, climate change is poised to effect every
aspect of life in Rhode Island.
According to the Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Lyme-infected ticks will
have a startling migration westward and northward because of climate change.
In 2014 Rhode Island had
the fourth-highest rate of Lyme disease in the country per capita. In 2017,
Rhode Island for the first time since 1990, when such record keeping began, the
state had more than 1,000 cases of
Lyme disease reported (1,132; 595 confirmed). The CDC has labeled Rhode Island
a “high-incidence” state.
Southern New England’s
coastal waters are warming, and key species are disappearing (cod and winter
flounder), southerly species are appearing more frequently (spot and ocean
sunfish) and more unwanted guests are arriving (jellyfish that have an appetite
for fish larvae and, in the summer, lionfish, a venomous and fast-reproducing
fish with a voracious appetite).
This biomass
metamorphosis will likely transform southern New England’s fishing industry.
Species native to southern New England marine waters, such as cod, lobster, and
winter flounder, which the region’s fishing industry built its fleet around,
will either adapt, find more suitable habitat elsewhere, or their numbers will
decline.
Ocean acidification also
could have a profound impact on marine life, and southern New England’s
shellfish industry could be at risk.
Heat intensifies air
pollution and prompts asthma attacks, heat exhaustion, heat stroke, respiratory
infection, heart and lung conditions, allergic reactions, and chronic diseases.
Increased rainfall increases runoff that carries toxic chemicals and pathogens,
polluting groundwater and popular swimming areas. Flooding and extreme
rainstorms spawn harmful mold in buildings.
Heat will be a big
public-health problem across the state in the years ahead. By 2070, Rhode
Island is projected to experience up to 50 days of 90-plus-degree weather. In
1970, there were four days above 90 degrees; in 2013, 22 days exceeded 90
degrees; 11 days were above 90 degrees in August alone last year.
The American Lung
Association’s 2018 State of the Air report
found that while Greater Providence saw marked improvements in both year-round
particle pollution and ozone, the metro area’s progress has been less dramatic
than neighboring communities, leaving it to be ranked as the most polluted
county in the Boston-Worcester-Providence metro area.
From 2017 to 2018,
Providence County improved its grade from an F to a D.
The government’s own
website posts these climate facts: Rhode Island has warmed by more than 3
degrees during the past 100 years; winter water temperatures in Narragansett
Bay have increased between 2.9 and 3.6 degrees Fahrenheit; both mean and
extreme precipitation have increased during the 21st century, with the highest
number of extreme events occurring during the past decade; sea-level has risen
more than 9 inches since 1930 at Newport, faster than the global average.
TASK: Identify strategies to prepare for these
impacts and communicate them to Rhode Islanders, including strategies that
incentivize businesses, institutions, and industry to adapt to climate change.
STATUS: DEM and Shaun O’Rourke, Rhode Island’s chief
resiliency officer, answered this ecoRI News question “What strategies has the
EC4 identified to prepare the state for climate impacts and communicate them to
Rhode Islanders?” by noting that the "Governor and EC4 released the
Resilient Rhody strategy in July of 2018.”
“This strategy is the
collaborative work of over 50 working members from state agencies, academic
institutions, and non-profit organizations and identifies 61 priority climate
resilience actions to implement in the near term,” they wrote in an e-mail.
“Implementation has already begun and is being led by a team of Resilience Coordinators which have been appointed for each EC4 member agency. The Resilient Rhody strategy and climate change efforts across the state are being captured on the www.climatechangeri.gov website. We will be updating this website as we progress with implementation and additional information is available.”
“Implementation has already begun and is being led by a team of Resilience Coordinators which have been appointed for each EC4 member agency. The Resilient Rhody strategy and climate change efforts across the state are being captured on the www.climatechangeri.gov website. We will be updating this website as we progress with implementation and additional information is available.”
TASK: Work with municipalities to support the
development of sustainable and resilient communities.
STATUS: A team consisting of one to two staff persons from
each agency that makes up the EC4 is working closely with O’Rourke to identify
priority projects, programs, and policies that will benefit the state’s 39
municipalities in “their collective resiliency challenges and initiatives,”
according to DEM’s Stone.
“Everybody is pitching
in on sustainability and resilience. There cannot be any other way,” she wrote
in an e-mail. “The work being done to implement the action steps of the
Resilient Rhody plan is the means by which the agencies forming the EC4 are, to
quote the Resilient RI Act, “work[ing] with municipalities to support the
development of sustainable and resilient communities.’”
Stone also said that
each agency constituting the EC4 has teamed up with municipalities on certain
priorities. She noted that the Coastal Resources Management Council (CRMC)
representative is working with cities and towns on coastal/shoreline adaptation
projects and the group’s Division of Planning representative is helping with
mandatory training for planning board/commission members concerning the impacts
of development in a floodplain and/or in the context of sea-level rise.
TASK: Identify and leverage federal, state, and
private funding opportunities for emission reduction and climate-change
preparedness and adaption work.
STATUS: Stone noted that by approving the $47.3 million
Green Economy and Clean Water Bond with 79 percent of the vote in November,
Rhode Islanders approved $10 million to support resiliency projects statewide,
including $5 million for coastal resiliency/public-access projects and $5
million to fortify wastewater treatment facilities.
“Obviously, this funding
will be a key component of the state’s partnership with municipalities,” she
wrote.
TASK: Advise the governor, the General Assembly, and
the public “on ways to ensure that Rhode Island continues to be a national
leader in developing and implementing strategies that effectively address the
challenges of climate change.”
STATUS: The Block Island Wind Farm — which passed
through two previous administrations before it was inherited by the current one
— and upholding the principles of the Paris Climate Agreement don’t make the
Ocean State a national leader, despite the Statehouse’s best attempts.
The success of hosting the nation’s first offshore wind facility is undercut by the sitting governor cheerleading for the construction of a fossil-fuel power plant in the forests of Burrillville.
Rhode Island is most
assuredly a national leader when it comes to creating climate-change tools —
largely thanks to the efforts of CRMC, the University of Rhode Island, and
Brown University — but that doesn’t mean these tools are being used when
difficult and unpopular decisions are required.
The approval of a seawall for the Ocean Mist tavern in South Kingstown is a perfect example of those in power ignoring experts, the state’s own guidelines, and the threats posed by a changing climate.
The approval of a seawall for the Ocean Mist tavern in South Kingstown is a perfect example of those in power ignoring experts, the state’s own guidelines, and the threats posed by a changing climate.
What Rhode Island’s
elected officials seem to be good at is prolonging the study of climate change
without having to take any substantive action.
The volumes of reports
and studies related to climate change and Rhode Island’s alphabet soup of
climate-related acts, commissions, councils, committees, stakeholder groups,
and executive orders are head-spinning. Disorientation seems to be the intended
goal.
TASK: Work with other New England states to explore
areas of mutual interest to achieve common goals.
STATUS: DEM said leaders from the 11 states and
provinces within the New England Governors/Eastern Canadian Premiers
(NEG/ECP) region worked throughout 2015, 2016, and 2017 to develop a Regional Climate Change Action Plan
to be submitted to the NEG/ECP at its 41st conference in August 2017.
“The Regional Climate
Change Action Plan is a follow up to the regional 2001 Regional Climate Change
Action Plan and will fulfill the requirements of NEG/ECP Resolution 39-1
(passed in 2015), which set a 2030 regional greenhouse gas reduction maker
range of 35-45 percent below 1990 levels,” according to DEM. “The plan focuses
on ways the states can collaborate to meet GHG reduction targets and focuses on
key areas including, but not limited to, energy supply/transmission and
transportation.”
DEM also noted programs
such as the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative and the Transportation & Climate
Initiative are “excellent examples” of states working together
toward their shared climate goals.
TASK: Identify and facilitate opportunities to educate
the public about climate change and efforts throughout state agencies and
municipalities to address climate change.
STATUS: In 2017, a new provision was added to Rhode
Island General Laws describing the powers and duties of a planning board or
commission. The new provision requires
that each member of a planning board or commission participate in training and
education classes concerning the effects of development in a floodplain and the
impacts of sea-level rise once every two years. Each member must complete two
hours of training by Sept. 30 of the year and file with the municipal clerk a
statement asserting that the training has been completed.
To meet this
requirement, planning board and commission members can watch six educational
modules regarding making informed choices for supporting resilience to the
impacts from climate change.
Develop short- and
long-term greenhouse-gas emission
reduction strategies and track the progress of these strategies.
The state’s 2015 plan Energy 2035 notes that,
“Policy makers should extend and expand the state’s Renewable Energy Standard
(RES) to send a long-term signal to the market that Rhode Island intends to
source increasing amounts of its power supply from renewable energy.”
The RES target for this
year is 14.5 percent and 16 percent for 2020. The Rhode Island Division of
Public Utilities and Carriers has determined that there are sufficient
renewables to meet the 16 percent target for next year.
“Obligated entities are
meeting the targets, but it can be from a combination of renewable generation,
purchase of renewable energy credits, or alternative compliance payments,”
according to state officials.
Under the RES currently,
about 13 percent of Rhode Island’s electricity comes from sources it classifies
as renewable.
The greenhouse-gas
reduction targets mentioned in the Energy 2035 plan recommend RES levels of at
least 40 percent by 2035. The state, however, has been criticized for some of
the sources it includes in its renewable-energy portfolio.
A 2018 report by the
Washington, D.C.-based environmental advocacy group Food & Water Watch
graded 29 states on their renewable-energy programs. Rhode Island received an overall grade of a D and
was criticized for its use of polluting fuels such as woody biomass and
landfill gas in its renewable programs.
To the maximum extent
feasible, buy alternative fuel,
hybrid, and electric vehicles that produce lower total emissions of greenhouse
gases and develop programs to encourage state employees to reduce their vehicle
miles and use sustainable transportation alternatives, including public
transportation.
In a pilot project sponsored
by the Rhode Island Department of Transportation (RIDOT), a small fleet of
six-person autonomous shuttle buses is expected to begin circulating through a
stretch of Providence this spring. The electric buses will offer free rides
between the downtown train station and Olneyville Square.
Rhode Island has one
hydrogen filling station, which occupies a corner of the Stop & Shop
parking lot on Branch Avenue in Providence. These engines don’t run on hydrogen
but are electric motors charged by onboard hydrogen fuel cells. The fuel cells
generate electricity from liquid hydrogen stored in 5-liter tanks.
DEM has 12 electric
vehicles, and the Rhode Island Public Transit Authority (RIPTA) leases electric
buses using funding from the Volkswagen settlement,
according to state officials. RIPTA also is planning to use settlement funds to
buy 16-20 electric buses in about three years, state officials said. These
buses will be incorporated into RIPTA’s current routes by replacing aging
diesel buses that need to be retired.
In total, the state has
about 150 hybrid and electric vehicles in its fleet, according to officials.
Rhode Island has 86 public and five private electric-vehicle charging stations.
Rhode Island, however,
doesn’t have a statewide program that incentivizes state employees to ride the
bus or use other means of alternative transportation. Instead, the state
“coordinates efforts to communicate to employees ways to save energy and cut
down on our carbon footprint by providing information about taking public
transportation, carpooling, and walking to work.”
State officials said
RIPTA’s Eco-Pass “is a robust incentive plan that
makes it easy for employers to encourage employees to use public
transportation.” They said about 20 Rhode Island employers participate in the
program. They also noted that RIPTA “offers the public a chance to track their
miles and get rewards any time they reduce their vehicle miles by walking,
biking, carpooling, taking public transit, and more.”
RIPTA offers these rewards through its Commuter Resource RI program.
RIPTA offers these rewards through its Commuter Resource RI program.
RIPTA also has
introduced a new program that offers a monthly subsidy for people who
participate in Vanpool. State officials said Vanpool options
“are very valuable for people who work in areas that may not have robust rail
or bus service, but still want an alternative to traveling alone in their
cars.”
Implement programs to
achieve energy savings in state
and municipal buildings to reduce greenhouse gases and reduce energy costs.
The Office of Energy
Resources (OER) answered this ecoRI News question “What programs have been
implemented to achieve energy savings in state and municipal buildings to
reduce greenhouse gases and reduce energy costs?” by noting that in December
2015 “Governor Gina M. Raimondo signed Executive Order 15-17: State Agencies to
Lead by Example in Energy Efficiency and Clean Energy.”
“This Executive Order
established a ‘Lead by Example’ program within the Office of Energy Resources
to oversee and coordinate efforts at State agencies to reduce energy
consumption and greenhouse gas emissions,” according to OER. “The state has
already reduced its energy consumption by 10 percent below 2014 levels.”
A total of six state
buildings have rooftop solar, a carport at the Public Utilities Commission is
covered by solar panels, and DEM has 11 facilities with small solar arrays and
two operational wind turbines, according to OER.
Increase the deployment of in-state generation of renewable energy and
energy efficiency.
The city of West Warwick
is the first Rhode Island municipality to utilize 100 percent renewable energy.
All municipal buildings, electric-vehicle charging stations, and an electric plug-in
Zamboni are all powered by solar and wind installations.
The state aims to
achieve 1,000 megawatts of renewable electricity by 2020. Currently, Rhode
Island has 304 megawatts, from solar, wind, biomass, and landfill energy
projects across the Northeast with access to the New England power grid.
Since Raimondo announced
the 1,000-megawatt goal
two-plus years ago, the amount of renewable energy coming to Rhode Island has
tripled.
The state, however, is
paying for much of its renewable-energy expansion, mostly ground-mounted solar
panels, with forests and farmland. This solar sprawl has Grow Smart Rhode
Island, environmentalists, and some municipal planners concerned.
Residents in Cranston,
Coventry, Exeter, Hopkinton, and Tiverton, among other communities, are
fighting a growing list of ground-mounted solar projects that combined threaten
to clear-cut hundreds and hundreds of acres and take farmland out of
production.
For the past few years, an OER stakeholders group has been working to address this statewide issue, including how to incentive the use of already developed and disturbed areas for renewable-energy projects.
For the past few years, an OER stakeholders group has been working to address this statewide issue, including how to incentive the use of already developed and disturbed areas for renewable-energy projects.
Using the information
gathered by the stakeholders group and from issues raised during a host of
public meetings, OER and the Division of Statewide Planning are working on
developing guidelines for communities to consider when adopting solar
ordinances.
In the meantime, the
number of projects proposed for and being built on open space continues to
grow.
Support efforts to
expand Rhode Island’s green
economy and develop green infrastructure.
There were 15,866
“green-energy” jobs in Rhode Island, according to OER’s 2018 Clean Energy Jobs Report. Since 2014,
employment in this sector has grown by 72 percent.
Energy efficiency
remains the largest portion of the state’s green-energy employment, accounting
for nearly 60 percent of all jobs, some 9,300 workers, according to the report.
In 2018, this job sector showed the largest employment growth in engineering,
research, and professional services.
When it comes to the
development of green infrastructure, Aquidneck Island is leading the way when
it comes to projects that don’t cost millions. The 175 rain barrels the Green Infrastructure Coalition gave away in
2018, for example, had the potential to divert more than 9,600 gallons of
runoff.
Rain gardens have been
installed in Portsmouth at the Common Fence Point Community Hall and at
Melville Elementary School. A rain garden at King Park in Newport directs
runoff into a garden where native plants and mulch collect and filter the
water.
Assess the vulnerability
of infrastructure, including, but not
limited to, roads, bridges, dams, and wastewater and drinking water treatment
facilities, to impacts of climate change and recommend strategies to protect
these assets.
Climate change is
putting enormous pressure on the state’s wastewater infrastructure. Rhode
Island is home to 19 major wastewater treatment facilities that treat some 120
million gallons of residential, commercial, and industrial wastewater daily.
About 250 pumping stations are in place to transport sewage across hilly
terrain to these treatment plants. Most of these wastewater systems are in
floodplains to take advantage of gravity-fed flows.
The DEM study Implications of Climate Change for
RI Wastewater Collection & Treatment Infrastructure noted the
vulnerability of Rhode Island’s systems and the Resilient Rhody report recommended
accelerating the hardening and elevation of at-risk infrastructure.
The Resilient Rhody
report recommends that the state work with local governments to establish
sustainable revenue sources for the operation and maintenance of local
stormwater management systems, such as a stormwater utility district,
which operates much like an electric or water utility and can collect fees
related to the control and treatment of stormwater runoff.
Rhode Island doesn’t have any stormwater utility districts, but has spent plenty of time, effort, and money studying the issue.
Rhode Island doesn’t have any stormwater utility districts, but has spent plenty of time, effort, and money studying the issue.
The much-touted report
also encourages municipalities to use green infrastructure. Municipalities are
also eligible to use the Renewable Energy Growth Program
and the Renewable Energy Fund to
help finance their wastewater treatment systems.
OER offers an incentive
for cities and towns to convert their streetlights to energy-efficient LEDs. To
date, 70 percent of municipal lights have been converted to LED, according to
OER. The Rhode Island Infrastructure Bank and OER also provide the Efficient
Buildings Fund, which helps municipalities finance energy-efficiency
improvements.
Work with relevant
academic institutions and federal agencies to
assess the threats of sea-level rise, erosion, and storm surge, and communicate
these assessments and threats, along with potential tools to address them, to
state agencies and affected communities.
Climate change is also
applying pressure to the state’s collection of roads and bridges.
The Rhode Island
Division of Planning has identified the ones most
likely to be impacted by sea-level rise and by more frequent and severe
flooding. Some of the agency’s findings: 175 miles of roads are exposed to
sea-level rise; 572 miles of roads are exposed to sea-level rise and flooding
from storm surge; 90 bridges are exposed to sea-level rise; 148 bridges are
exposed to sea-level rise and flooding from storm surge.
Rhode Island’s most
vulnerable roads to sea-level rise are: Wampanoag Trail and County Road in
Barrington; Hope Street in Bristol; Conanicus Avenue and North Road in
Jamestown; Beach Street in Narragansett; Memorial Boulevard in Newport; Highway
24 South in Tiverton; and Main Street in Warren.
The state’s most
vulnerable bridges to sea-level rise are: Apponaug Bridge on Post Road in
Warwick; Apponaug Mill Bridge on Centerville Road in Warwick; Barrington Bridge
on Route 114/County Road in Barrington; CL Hussey Memorial Bridge on Boston
Neck Road in North Kingstown; Eagle Street Bridge on Eagle Street in
Providence; Easton’s Beach Bridge on Memorial Boulevard in Middletown; Park
Street Bridge on Park Street in Providence; Round Swamp Bridge on North Main
Road in Jamestown; Silver Creek Bridge on Hope Street in Bristol; and Warren
Bridge on Route 114/County Road in Warren.
Overall, Warwick,
Narragansett, Newport, Barrington, and Providence are the top five
municipalities most vulnerable to climate change-related road damage, according
to the Division of Planning.
Downtown Providence and
Wickford village in North Kingstown are at risk of significant damage from 3
feet of sea-level rise.
To address these
climate-change issues and others, CRMC created the Shoreline Change Special Area Management Plan.
As a climate-change preparedness tool it offers guidance for state and
municipal planners by looking ahead at the impacts of coastal storms, erosion,
and sea-level rise.
It also requires some
developers to include an analysis of climate-change impacts in their
applications to build in coastal zones. The document, however, has no
enforceable regulations.
Develop plans, policies,
and solutions based on the latest
science “to ensure the state continues to have a vibrant coastal economy,
including protection of critical infrastructure.”
Sea-level rise and
coastal erosion threaten the Ocean State’s lifeblood: its beaches and coastal
attractions.
There are more than 20
million Rhode Island beach visits annually, and the total economic value of
these beach days is estimated at about $155 million a year.
In Newport, sea
level-rise maps of the city’s waterfront, the heart of a thriving tourist
economy, reveal large swaths of harbor-side neighborhoods inundated and
prominent waterside landmarks partially submerged, all within an enlarged
harbor created by an additional 5 feet of sea. The City-by-the-Sea’s tourism
industry, real-estate market and, by extension, the city’s tax base are
threatened by the rising sea.
About $4.5 billion worth
of property in Rhode Island’s 21 coastal communities lies on land less than 5
feet above the high-tide line.
Rising seas also
generate saltwater intrusion that can contaminate drinking water supplies and
private wells, damage septic systems, reduce the lifespan of asphalt, and
threaten freshwater wetlands.
While CRMC’s primary responsibility is for the preservation, protection, development and where possible the restoration of the Ocean State’s coastal areas via the implementation of its integrated and comprehensive management plans, its citizen board, which lacks coastal knowledge and is appointed by politicians, has often ignored years of experience to overrule staff on shoreline development projects.
Develop a climate and
health profile report that documents
the range of health impacts associated with climate change and identifies the
most vulnerable populations.
While the EC4 and its
partners have spent the past four-plus years collecting information about the
health impacts of climate change, the state’s findings are often ignored when
it comes time to put them into practice.
For example, climate-change health concerns
tied to a proposal to expand fossil-fuel infrastructure along Providence’s
industrial waterfront have mostly been met with reassurances that the
natural-gas tank will be elevated enough to withstand projected sea-level rise
combined with a 100-year storm.
The building of more polluting infrastructure — the same infrastructure that contributes to climate change — along the Providence River and upper Narragansett Bay has largely been ignored by those who proposed the project, National Grid, and elected officials who were sworn to protect the public’s interest.
While disregarding the
already-high rates of asthma in the neighborhoods that surround the project,
National Grid and too many federal, state, and local officials have remained
silent concerning the legacy of pollution bound to the proposed liquefied
natural gas (LNG) site and the Port of Providence.
At a late 2017 CRMC meeting,
where neighbors spent most of their time expressing concern about their health
and safety should another LNG facility be built, the project’s manager showed
just how out of touch National Grid is when it comes to those concerns. The
company official said the project’s new buildings fit with the tan color scheme
of neighboring structures, and at 108 feet is shorter than the 127-foot-tall
gas storage tank it will sit next to.
The much-bigger concern,
however, is that the the jacked-up LNG facility would add to the port’s
collection of imported and stored petroleum products such as home heating oil,
jet fuel, natural gas, and diesel.
Buried in the area’s dirt and sediment and blowing in the wind are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, total petroleum hydrocarbons, benzene, formaldehyde, cyanide, asbestos, lead, ammonia, arsenic, and polychlorinated biphenyl, a human carcinogen. Much of the infrastructure in and around the port is aging.
Buried in the area’s dirt and sediment and blowing in the wind are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, total petroleum hydrocarbons, benzene, formaldehyde, cyanide, asbestos, lead, ammonia, arsenic, and polychlorinated biphenyl, a human carcinogen. Much of the infrastructure in and around the port is aging.
Sea-level rise and other
climate-change impacts threaten to unleash all of that nastiness.
The Federal Emergency
Management Agency considers Providence to be the “Achilles heel of the
Northeast” because of its position at the head of Narragansett Bay, according
to a 2014 study.
“For context, before
Hurricane Katrina caused $80 billion in damages to the Gulf Coast, FEMA
considered New Orleans to be the Achilles heel of that region,” according to
the 113-page report.
“Rhode Island had been hit by nine hurricanes, two of them major, since 1900. The length and orientation of Rhode Island’s Narragansett Bay, and its proximity to the Atlantic hurricane zone, make it susceptible to extreme storm surges from the southerly winds that are generated when a hurricane passes to the west of the Bay.”
“Rhode Island had been hit by nine hurricanes, two of them major, since 1900. The length and orientation of Rhode Island’s Narragansett Bay, and its proximity to the Atlantic hurricane zone, make it susceptible to extreme storm surges from the southerly winds that are generated when a hurricane passes to the west of the Bay.”
Encourage municipalities
to incorporate climate-change
adaptation into local hazard mitigation plans and, when feasible, into hazard
mitigation projects.
Rhode Island has about
420 miles of coastline that extends inland to include multiple waterways, most
notably Narragansett Bay. Shoreline types along the bay include vegetative
buffers and salt marshes, riprap, bulkhead, and other hardened structures. The
bay’s shoreline also features disturbed areas, preserved marshland,
post-industrial fill and polluting businesses. The bay’s working waterfront
includes sites that store hazardous materials.
Since the flooding of
early 2010, Cranston has been buying houses and tearing them down. About 20
homes in flood-prone neighborhoods along the Pawtuxet and Pocasset rivers have
been razed and hauled away, and the lots reclaimed by shrubs, grasses, and wild
turkeys.
A number of factors
allowed the city to take advantage of what many environmentalists consider the
best solution to adapt to climate change: remove manmade structures from rising
waters and flood zones.
Cranston officials have
said the buyout program works because the city pays between $200,000 and
$220,000 per home, a modest price compared to homes in other coastal flood
zones across the state. The city pays about 25 percent of the cost and the
Federal Emergency Management Agency funds the rest.
Not all of the Ocean
State’s coastal communities, however, are along the shores of Narragansett Bay.
Charlestown, Narragansett, and Westerly, for instance, are on the open ocean
and that presents a different set of climate-change problems, most notably accelerating
erosion. Along the state’s more exposed southern shoreline in communities from
Point Judith to Watch Hill, Matunuck, Misquamicut, and South Kingstown Town
Beach have lost some 400 feet of beach combined during the past four decades.
Charlestown Town Beach
has lost about 150 feet to erosion since 1939. Two of Rhode Island’s more
popular tourist destinations, Easton’s Beach in Newport and Sachuest Beach in
Middletown, are losing about a foot of shoreline annually.
Take affirmative steps
to eliminate and avoid duplication
of effort through consistent coordination between agencies and programs, and
pooling of resources, so as to make the most cost-efficient use of state
resources and provide the most effective services.
A project at the Sapowet
Marsh Wildlife Management Area in Tiverton is an effort to restore the
condition of the beach and salt marsh while also creating a coastal buffer that
will provide area for both the beach and salt marsh to migrate inland as sea
level rises.
Partners in the Sapowet
effort include Save The Bay, CRMC, the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, and
the Tiverton Conservation Commission.
Serious actions needed
More than four years since the Resilient Rhode Island Act was trumpeted by both lawmakers and environmentalists, the Ocean State has made only a tiny dent into the work that needs to be done to effectively address the local challenges presented by climate change. Proactive actions work much better than reactive panic. They’re also less expensive and more friendly to future generations.
More than four years since the Resilient Rhode Island Act was trumpeted by both lawmakers and environmentalists, the Ocean State has made only a tiny dent into the work that needs to be done to effectively address the local challenges presented by climate change. Proactive actions work much better than reactive panic. They’re also less expensive and more friendly to future generations.
The state of Rhode Island, its 39 cities and towns, academic institutions, and state agencies have accumulated an impressive amount of climate-change data, commissioned reams of reports, and created nationally recognized tools, such STORMTOOLS and special area management plans, to address a multitiered issue.
The state, however, as
the recent Civic Alliance for a Cooler Rhode Island assessment makes clear, has
taken far less action to actually address climate-change impacts and
greenhouse-gas emissions.
Rhode Island needs more than unenforceable goals, recommended guidelines, a patchwork of projects, wobbly partnerships, endless studies, and programs that lack funding and muscle.
Meaningful and necessary
mitigation and adaptation requires bold action.
ecoRI News staffer Tim
Faulkner contributed to this report.