More
protein and fewer calories help older people lose weight safely
Wake
Forest University
A high-protein, low-calorie diet helps older adults with obesity lose more
weight, maintain more muscle mass, improve bone quality and lose
"bad" fat, according to results from a new randomized controlled
trial led by Wake Forest University researcher Kristen Beavers.
Four
research papers based on the study results have been accepted for publication
in peer-reviewed journals including the Journals of Gerontology:
Medical Sciences and the American Journal of Clinical
Nutrition. The latest was published this week in the Annals of
Nutrition and Metabolism.
Geriatricians
have long struggled with how to recommend safe weight loss for seniors, because
dropping pounds can lead to muscle and bone loss.
"Doctors hesitate to recommend weight loss for fear that losing muscle and bone could cause mobility issues or increase the risk of injury," said Beavers, assistant professor of health and exercise science at Wake Forest and principal investigator of this study.
"This
study suggests that a diet high in protein and low in calories can give seniors
the health benefits of weight loss while keeping the muscle and bone they need
for better quality of life as they age."
This study aimed to quantify the risk of doing nothing by comparing results from a weight loss group vs. a weight stability group.
For
the study, 96 older adults over age 65 were randomly assigned to one of two
groups: a six-month low-calorie meal plan that included more than 1 gram of
protein per kilogram of body weight, plus adequate calcium and vitamin D; or a
weight stability group targeting .8 grams of protein per kilogram of body
weight, which is the current, government-recommended dietary allowance.
The
researchers decided not to include exercise, because many older adults are
unlikely to perform the volume and intensity of exercise needed to preserve
muscle and bone.
Here's
what the researchers found:
- - Participants lost about 18 pounds, most of it fat (87 percent), and preserved muscle mass. The control group lost about half a pound.
- - Even when participants lost weight, they maintained bone mass. In fact, trabecular bone score, a measure of bone quality that predicts fracture risk, seemed to improve.
- - Fat was lost in the stomach, hips, thighs and rear, which is important for preventing or controlling cardiometabolic diseases such as diabetes and stroke.
- - Participants' score on the Healthy Aging Index, which measures biomarkers that predict mortality and longevity, improved by 0.75 points.
Previously,
Beavers has conducted smaller studies for which she oversaw the planning and
preparation of healthy high-protein, low-calorie meals for weight-loss study
participants. However, the size of the recent trial sent her in search of a
simpler, cost-effective solution.
In
this case, the researchers had the weight-loss group follow a high-protein,
nutritionally complete, reduced-calorie meal plan that included the use of four
meal replacements, two meals of lean protein and vegetables prepared by the
participants, and one healthy snack; however, Beavers said any high-protein,
nutritious low-calorie meal plan would likely work.
The
weight-stability group attended health education classes and were encouraged to
maintain their baseline diet and normal activity. Beavers said participants
complied with their assigned intervention.
Jason
Pharmaceuticals Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Medifast Inc., provided a
grant and an in-kind donation of the products given to the research
participants. Additional funding was provided by the Wake Forest Claude D.
Pepper Center Older Americans Independence Center and a National Institute on
Aging career development award to Beavers (K01 AG047921).
The
research team included Amy Collins, Sherri Ford, Beverly Nesbit, Lauren Shaver
and Jessica Sheedy of Wake Forest's Department of Health and Exercise Science;
Arlynn Baker, Daniel Beavers, Rebecca Henderson, Denise Houston, Mary Lyles,
Stephen Kritchevsky, and Ashley Weaver of the Wake Forest School of Medicine;
Monica Serra and Jessica Kelleher of Emory University School of Medicine; Sue Shapses
of Rutgers University; and Linda Arterburn, Christopher Coleman and Jessica
Kiel of Medifast.
