Floating solar farms could help reduce impacts of climate change on lakes and reservoirs
Lancaster University
(Credit: Giles Exley)
Floating solar farms could help to
protect lakes and reservoirs from some of the harms of climate change, a new
study suggests.
However, given the complex nature of
water bodies and differing designs of solar technologies, there could also be
detrimental ecosystem impacts of deploying floating solar arrays.
Conventional solar farms are
controversial due to the amount of land they take up. This is leading to
increasing interest in floating solar farms – making use of the additional
space that bodies of water provide.
So far, there are three
commercial-size floating solar arrays in the UK, and hundreds more across the
world. The number of installations is likely to grow significantly in coming
decades as demand rises for renewable energy sources with more countries
committing to net zero carbon targets.
However, little is known about the
impacts – both positive and negative – these floating solar farms are having on
the lakes and reservoirs they are installed on – until now.
Scientists from Lancaster University and the University of Stirling have completed the first detailed modelling of the environmental effects of floating solar installations on bodies of water.
“As demand for land increases, water
bodies are increasingly being targeted for renewable energy. Deployment of
solar on water increases electricity production, but it is critical to know if
there will be any positive or negative environmental consequences,” said Mr Giles Exley, PhD researcher and lead author from
Lancaster University.
“Given the relative immaturity of
floating solar farms, it is important to further scientific evidence of the
impacts. Our results provide initial insight of the key effects that will help
inform water body manager and policy maker decisions.”
The research team undertook computer
modelling using the MyLake simulation programme and data collected by the UK’s
Centre for Ecology and Hydrology from England’s largest lake, Windermere.
Although the researchers believe it is unlikely floating solar farms will be
deployed on Windermere, it presents a rich data-set as it is one of the most
comprehensively studied lakes in the world.
Their results show that floating
solar arrays can cool water temperatures by shading the water from the sun. At
scale, this could help to mitigate against harmful effects caused by global
warming, such as blooms of toxic blue green algae, and increased water
evaporation, which could threaten water supply in some regions.
The scientists found that floating solar installations also reduce the duration of ‘stratification’ – this is where the sun heats the water, forming distinct layers of water at different temperatures. This tends to happen more in the warmer summer months and can result in the bottom layer of water becoming deoxygenated, which deteriorates water quality – an obvious issue for supplies of drinking water.
However, the
picture is complex and there are also conditions under which stratification,
and therefore detrimental water quality impacts, could increase if floating
solar farms are deployed.
Mr Exley said: “The effects of
floating solar on the temperature of the water body and stratification, both of
which are major drivers of biological and chemical processes, could be comparable
in magnitude to the changes lakes will experience with climate change. Floating
solar could help to mitigate against the negative effects global warming will
have on these bodies of water.”
“However, there are also real risks
of detrimental impacts, such as deoxygenation causing undesirable increases in
nutrient concentrations and killing fish. We need to do more research to
understand the likelihood of both positive and negative impacts.”
The effects on water temperature increased the larger the solar installation, with small arrays of less than ten per cent of the lake surface generally having minimal impacts. However, this model concentrated on one lake.
Further studies will be needed to determine the
optimum size array, and design, and their effects for individual lakes and
reservoirs – all of which have unique characteristics. Different designs of
solar installations also have different shading and sheltering effects for the
sun and wind.
Arrays covering more than 90 per
cent of a lake could increase the chances of the lake freezing over in winter,
the study found – though these effects would also be specific to the body of
water and design of the installation and require further studying.
Field studies and further modelling
work to build on these initial findings is ongoing.
‘Floating photovoltaics could
mitigate climate change impacts on water body temperature and stratification’,
has been published by the journal Solar Energy.
The paper’s authors are Giles
Exley, Alona Armstrong and Trevor Page from Lancaster University, and Ian Jones
from the University of Stirling.
