Old Friends
Beckman
Institute for Advanced Science and Technology
Our proclivity
for socialization is lifelong, equally prominent in the lives of adolescents
and adults. A recent study determined key differences in the ways that various
age groups communicate, as well as one conversational component that stands the
test of time: friendship. Specifically, bonds between individuals who identify
as female.
Led by former
Beckman Institute postdoctoral researchers Michelle Rodrigues and Si On Yoon,
an interdisciplinary team evaluated how interlocutors' age and familiarity with
one another impacts a conversation, reviewing the interaction's overall
effectiveness and stress responses generated as a result.
The study,
titled "What are friends for? The impact of friendship on communicative
efficiency and cortisol response during collaborative problem solving among
younger and older women," was published in the Journal of Women and Aging
in May 2021.
Two hypotheses form the foundation of this female-focused study. First, the tend-and-befriend hypothesis, which challenges the traditionally masculine "fight-or-flight" dichotomy.
"Women have
evolved an alternative mechanism in response to stress," said Rodrigues,
who is currently an assistant professor in the Department of Social and
Cultural Sciences at Marquette University. "In order to deal with stress,
women can befriend female peers."
The team also
tested the socio-emotional selectivity hypothesis, which postulates a social
"pruning" as humans advance in age and pursue more intimate,
higher-quality circles of friends.
The introduction
of age as a variable is novel in the field and stems from an interdisciplinary
Beckman collaboration.
"I was
working with several different groups in several different disciplines, coming
from the perspective of studying friendship but having previously done research
on adolescent girls, but not older women," Rodrigues said.
She combined
forces with then-Beckman-postdoc Si On Yoon, who was studying the cognitive
mechanisms of natural conversation across the lifespan, including healthy
younger and older adults.
"My
research program was focused on language measures in social interactions, and I
was glad to work with Dr. Rodrigues to develop an integrative approach
including both language processing and physiological measures to study social
interactions," said Yoon, who is currently an assistant professor in the
Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders at the University of Iowa.
The
interdisciplinary team merged both theories into a single query: Across women's
lifespans, how are the tendencies to "tend and befriend" as well as
socially select reflected in their communication?
They tested a
pool of 32 women: 16 "older adults" aged 62-79, and 16 "younger
adults" aged 18-25. Each participant was either paired with a friend (a
"familiar" conversation partner) or a stranger
("unfamiliar").
The partnerships
underwent a series of conversational challenges, wherein the participant
instructed her partner to arrange a set of tangrams in an order that only the
former could see. The catch? Each shape was abstract, their appearances
purposefully difficult to describe.
"You could
look at one [tangram] and say, 'This looks like a dog.' Or, you could say,
'This looks like a triangle, with a stop sign, and a bicycle wheel,'"
Rodrigues said.
This exercise
helped quantify each conversation's efficiency: partners who achieved the
desired tangram arrangement in fewer words were considered more efficient, and
pairs who needed more words to complete the task were considered less
efficient.
The researchers
found that while the younger adult pairs communicated more efficiently with
familiar partners than their older counterparts, they communicated less
efficiently with unfamiliar partners; alternatively, the older adults
demonstrated conversational dexterity, quickly articulating the abstract
tangrams to friends and strangers alike.
"A
referential communication task like this requires that you see where the other
person is coming from. It seems like the younger adults are a little more
hesitant in trying to do that, whereas the older adults have an easier time
doing that with strangers," Rodrigues said.
This was not
predicted based on the socio-emotional selectivity hypothesis, which
anticipated a correlation between age and social isolation.
"Even
though older adults choose to spend more time with people who matter to them,
it's clear that they have the social skills to interact with unfamiliar people
if and when they choose to," Rodrigues said.
Rodrigues' team
also measured salivary cortisol to quantify and compare participants' stress
levels throughout the testing process.
"When you experience something stressful, if you have a stress response system that's working as it should, the result is an elevated amount of cortisol, our primary stress hormone, which then tells our bodies to release glucose into our bloodstreams," she said.
"That's reflected in our saliva about 15 to
20 minutes after we experience it. If we see a rise in salivary cortisol from
an individual's baseline levels, that indicates that they are more stressed
than they were at the time of the earlier measurements."
Across both age
groups, those working with familiar partners had consistently lower cortisol
levels than those working with unfamiliar partners.
"A lot of
the research on the tend-and-befriend hypothesis has only focused on young
women, so it's great to have these results that pull that out to the end of
life. We can see that friendship has that same effect throughout the lifespan.
Familiar partners and friendship buffer stress, and that's preserved with age,"
Rodrigues said.