Can Consuming Cocoa Help Us Age Better?
By MEDICAL COLLEGE OF GEORGIA AT
AUGUSTA UNIVERSITY
They are looking for answers in the blood of 600 individuals age
60 and older who participated in the largest trial ever to assess the impact of
a cocoa supplement as well as a common multivitamin, on reducing the risk of
heart disease, stroke, cancer, and other health outcomes, says Dr. Yanbin Dong,
geneticist and cardiologist at the Georgia Prevention Institute at the Medical
College of Georgia.
The COSMOS Trial
(COcoa Supplement and Multivitamin Outcomes Study), led by investigators at
Brigham and Women’s Hospital and the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center,
gathered data from 21,444 men and women looking at the impact of a cocoa
extract supplement and/or multivitamins on common health problems, most of
which increase with age.
Dong just received a $3 million grant (1RO1HL157665-01) from the
National Institutes of Health to perform detailed analysis of inflammatory
factors and genetic changes associated with aging to see if cocoa consumption
reduces those factors.
Cocoa products have become a “widely consumed food” with still
growing demand and increasing interest in their anti-aging potential, Dong
says.
“People think the consumption of chocolate is good for you,” says Dong, adding that worldwide enthusiasm for the sweet treat has outpaced the scientific evidence of its benefit — if there are any — in humans.
Flavanols, antioxidants known to produce a powerful
anti-inflammatory response, are considered the beneficial component, and cocoa
beans are considered are good source of these antioxidants.
But industry experts note that flavanols are often destroyed in
normal cocoa and chocolate processing. So, while chocolate may contain some
cocoa flavanols, chocolate is not a reliable source of these compounds, and it
does not have the right nutritional qualities to be consumed as a health food.
There is no question flavanols are good for you, the questions are
how much and in what way they are good for you, Dong says.
While there has been evidence in cell cultures, animal models and
even some relatively small human studies of the anti-inflammatory might of
cocoa, there had not been large scale randomized controlled trials, scientific
studies in which a large number of participants are randomly assigned into
different study arms that include some participants getting a placebo and/or
different treatment, often whatever is considered the current treatment
standard.
Dong notes that there also is not solid evidence that multivitamins,
the most commonly used supplement, which is widely associated with benefits
like reduced cancer risk, are of benefit either.
While he doesn’t dispute the biological plausibility that both
cocoa and multivitamins should have some health benefit, he says solid
scientific evidence should be behind what we choose to put in our bodies with
the goal of improving our health.
“We are going to prove or dispute it,” he says, and the size and
duration of the COSMOS Trial is enabling him to do both.
Dong and his colleagues will be looking specifically at aging,
including so called “inflammaging,” and epigenetic aging, both considered good
indicators of our biological age. Rather than just looking at the year you were
born, biological age also takes into account key factors that impact your
function and health, like genetics and lifestyle. He also has more standard
aging measures on these individuals, like blood pressure and cognitive function
tests.
Inflammation is a major factor in aging and common conditions such
as heart attack, stroke, Alzheimer’s and
cancer, and “inflammaging” has been characterized as chronic, low grade
inflammation that likely increases the risk of these inflammation-related
conditions.
Epigenetic changes, like DNA methylation,
which can be good or bad and can result from environmental exposures, including
the foods we eat, are changes to the physical structure of DNA which impact
gene expression and ultimately what our genes do, including deactivating them.
Epigenetic changes are now considered a powerful predictor for life- and
healthspan, as well as susceptibility to disease and death, Dong says.
Dong will be analyzing levels of key pro- and anti-inflammatory factors at baseline, and year one and two of the COSMOS Trial in the blood of those taking the cocoa supplement, a multivitamin, both or neither.
He’ll also
be doing sophisticated, extensive genetic analysis looking for gene changes
that correlate with aging, and using “epigenetic clocks” that can calculate
biological age based on the amount of DNA methylation.
His work will have the added benefit of better defining any
benefit of multivitamins, a top supplement used by many only because they think it is good for them.
Inflammaging can be objectively assessed by measures like blood levels of C-reactive protein, a sort of biomarker of inflammation, which is made by the liver and can increase dramatically with inflammation. Dong likens C-reactive protein levels, which physicians regularly measure, to a Geiger counter for the immune response.
He’ll also be assessing levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha, which as the name implies, is an inflammatory cytokine that attacks cancer and other invaders, but can be problematic at elevated levels.
He’ll also be measuring levels of anti-inflammatory markers like
interleukin-10, or IL 10, then exploring interaction between inflammaging and
epigenetic aging, like whether the genes regulating IL-10 expression also
increase DNA methylation and whether when blood pressure decreases, it reduces
inflammation or changes methylation first.
The investigators central hypothesis is that cocoa supplementation
reduces epigenetic aging and inflammaging, consequently reducing the risk of
cardiovascular disease, the nation’s number one killer which tends to increase
in incidence at age 65 and older. If they find inflammaging and cardiovascular
disease indicators are reduced, they want to know if it’s reductions in
epigenetic changes driving the improvements.
Particularly dark chocolate is regularly touted for its health
benefits as a natural and good source of antioxidants as well as iron, copper
and other things good for your heart and health. Eating chocolate has been
reported to lower cholesterol, blood pressure, cognitive decline and boost the
immune response to invaders like the coronavirus, Dong says.
Food and beverage items like grapes and red wine, tomatoes,
onions, berries and peaches also are considered good sources of flavanols.
Surveys indicate the majority of
American adults use a dietary supplement, with female use higher than male use
and overall usage increasing with age, according to the Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention. Multivitamins are a favorite supplement.
Dong’s collaborators on the new studies include COSMOS principal
investigators Dr. JoAnn E. Manson and Dr. Howard D. Sesso from Brigham
and Women’s Hospital and Harvard University.
