How a contagious cancer spread among clams
eLife
The
findings add to evidence that cancers may spread among different species of
bivalve shellfish and suggest that human activities may be inadvertently
contributing to the spread of these cancers to new locations and species.
Contagious
cancers have been identified in dogs, Tasmanian devils, and bivalves such as
clams and mussels. These diseases usually spread among individuals of the same
species. But previous studies have documented at least two cases of contagious
cancers spreading among bivalve species.
"We set out to confirm whether a leukemia-like blood cancer found in some bivalves also infects Venus verrucosa, otherwise known as warty venus clams that are found in the seas of southern Europe," says Daniel García-Souto, a postdoctoral researcher in genetics at the University of Santiago de Compostela -- USC, Galicia, Spain, and a co-first author of the study alongside Alicia Bruzos and Seila Diaz at USC.
The
researchers collected 345 warty venus clams from the coastal areas of Spain,
Portugal, France, Ireland and Croatia. They found a type of blood cancer called
hemic neoplasia in warty venus clams collected from two different coastal
regions of Spain. One group of infected clams was found along the country's
Atlantic coast, while the other group was found more than 1,000 nautical miles
away in the Mediterranean Sea.
The
team used a technique called whole-genome sequencing to reveal that the cancer
originated in a single clam, later became infectious, and spread among warty
venus clams. The cancer contained genetic sequences from both the warty venus
clam and another unknown species of clam. By comparing the unknown genetic
sequence to a genetic database of bivalve species, the researchers were able to
identify the mystery clam as Chamelea gallina, or the striped venus
clam.
Further
testing of DNA taken from the cell mitochondria and nucleus in both clam
species confirmed that the cancer had jumped from the striped venus clam to the
warty venus clams.
"The
genetic similarity of the cancer cells found in warty venus clams in both the
Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea suggests that human shipping activities
may have transported the cancer from one region to another," says co-first
author Alicia Bruzos, who was a Researcher PhD Student at USC at the time the
study was carried out, and is now at the Francis Crick Institute in London, UK.
This idea is supported by a previous study in eLife* which showed that mussels
carried a contagious cancer across the Atlantic by hitching a ride on ships.
The
team now hopes to carry out further studies to determine the age of the tumours
in their clam specimens and to explore for how long cancer may have been
spreading among these species.
"Our
work confirms that contagious cancers can jump between marine clam
species," concludes senior author José Tubío, Researcher in Genomes and
Disease at USC. "As this may pose a potential threat to marine ecology, we
need to keep studying and monitoring pathogens including cancers to help
protect these species."