The Cognitive Benefits of Speaking Two Languages
By UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA
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Researchers Grace deMeurisse, a Ph.D. candidate at the University of Florida, and Edith Kaan, a professor in the department of linguistics, conducted the study. They focused on how bilingual and monolingual people differ in their ability to control attention and disregard irrelevant information.
Efficiency in Ignoring Irrelevant Information
“Our results showed that bilinguals seem to be more efficient at ignoring information that’s irrelevant, rather than suppressing — or inhibiting information,” deMeurisse said.
“One explanation for this is that
bilinguals are constantly switching between two languages and need to shift
their attention away from the language not in use.”
For example, if an English- and Spanish-speaking person
is having a conversation in Spanish, both languages are active, but English is
put on hold but always ready to be deployed as needed.
Numerous studies have examined the distinctions between the two groups in broad cognitive mechanisms, which are mental processes that our brains use, like memory, attention, problem-solving, and decision-making, deMeurisse said.
“The effects of speaking two languages on a person’s
cognitive control is often debated,” she said. “Some of the literature says
these differences aren’t so pronounced, but that could be because of the tasks
linguists use to research differences between bilinguals and
monolinguals.”
DeMeurisse and Kaan set out to see if differences between
the two groups would surface and used a task that has not been applied in
psycholinguistics before called the Partial Repetition Cost task to measure the
participants’ abilities to deal with incoming information and control their
attention.
“We found that bilinguals seem to be better at ignoring
information that’s irrelevant,” Kaan said.
Study Participants and Methodology
The two groups of subjects included functional monolinguals and bilinguals. Functional monolinguals were defined as those who had two years or less of a foreign language experience in a classroom and use only the first language that they learned as a child.
Bilinguals were categorized as people who had learned
both their first and second language before the ages of 9 to 12 and were still
using both languages.
Kaan explained that an individual’s cognitive traits
continuously adapt to external factors, and as humans, we have very few traits
that remain fixed throughout our lifetime.
“Our cognition is continuously adapting to the situation,
so in this case, it’s adapting to being bilingual,” she said. “It doesn’t mean
it won’t change, so if you stop using the second language, your cognition may
change as well.”
Implications for Bilingualism Research
The UF study demonstrates a need to build more consistencies among the varied experiments used to understand the differences between those who speak one language and those who speak more than one.
“In the study of bilingualism and cognition, we are
redefining the way we talk about differences between bilinguals and
monolinguals and searching for more factors to consider and more methods to
conduct that research,” deMeurisse said.
The researchers were also clear to point out that their
study was not intended to show that people who speak two or more languages have
an advantage over those who speak one.
“We are not looking for advantages or disadvantages,”
deMeurisse said. “However, regardless of cognitive differences, learning a
second language is always going to be something that can benefit you, whether
those benefits are cognitive, social, or environmental. It will never be a
negative to be exposed to a second language.”
Reference: “Bilingual attentional control: Evidence from
the Partial Repetition Cost paradigm” by Grace deMeurisse and Edith Kaan, 20
October 2023, Bilingualism: Language and Cognition.
DOI:
10.1017/S1366728923000731