How Zuckerberg and Musk Mislead the Digital Economy
By UNIVERSITY OF BASEL
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What justification is there for earning a lot
of money? Nineteenth-century Calvinists interpreted economic prosperity as a
sign that one was counted among God’s chosen. This manner of thinking, centered
in Geneva, influenced liberal capitalism.
Today’s justifications for economic activity
sound different. They focus on themes of flexibility or efficiency. In
particular digital capitalists claim that they improve the world. Their credo:
for every societal problem, from climate change to inequity, there is a
technical solution that also offers the opportunity to make plenty of profit.
This approach is known as solutionism.
Economic sociologist Oliver Nachtwey of the University of Basel, Switzerland, together with his colleague Timo Seidl from the University of Vienna, Austria, wanted to find out how influential this idea is today. For their study, they drew on a variety of texts from Silicon Valley, the global center for high technology on the US West Coast. Their results appear in the journal Theory, Culture & Society.
From the West Coast to the East Coast
With the help of a machine-learning algorithm, the researchers examined the speeches and book contributions of people like Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg and Tesla CEO Elon Musk – i.e., the West Coast tech elites.
They also looked at articles from Wired, the magazine popular among tech developers and
programmers. The third source Nachtwey and Seidl examined was articles from the
East Coast magazine Harvard Business Review,
which tends to be read more by US managers rather than Silicon Valley types.
Nachtwey explains the choice of textual
sources in this way: “We assumed that tech entrepreneurs like Zuckerberg would
use solutionist arguments. But we wanted to know whether the ideology extends
beyond the exclusive circle of Silicon Valley elites.”
For the study, multiple people first
classified independently selected text excerpts with a focus on the
justifications listed in the various paragraphs for economic activity: world
improvement, flexibility, efficiency, etc. Next, an algorithm calculated the
proportion of the various justifications in more than 1.7 million excerpts.
Solutionism is rampant
For the tech elites on the US West Coast, solutionism was indeed revealed as the most significant entrepreneurial point of reference. The idea has also become increasingly prevalent in Wired, which represents the more or less the mindsets wider tech milieu in the Silicon Valley.
The Harvard Business Review, on the other hand, contained
only fleeting traces of the ideology. Do-gooder fever has evidently not yet
reached all corners of the US economy. With increasing digitalization, though,
it will continue to spread to other areas and regions of economic activity,
according to Nachtwey.
He sums up the study as follows: “We were the
first to demonstrate on a broad basis of data that a new strain of thought is
arising in today’s digital capitalism that provides a central justification for
entrepreneurial activity. And this strain is highly influenced by solutionism.”
Not real do-gooders
Nachtwey considers this new capitalist spirit
problematic because it undervalues democratic processes. The big “man of
action” Musk, for example, has no appreciation for worker protections or
democratic regulation. The result is that Tesla factories in Germany have far
more occupational accidents than comparable Audi factories.
Nachtwey also criticizes Meta, formerly known as Facebook: it claims to bring the world together, but allows fake news to proliferate. “Solutionism doesn’t combat real problems at all; it’s just an empty ideological shell,” he concludes.
Nachtwey understands his study as a
critique of the American tech giants’ self-portrayals, “which we should regard
with a great deal of skepticism.”
Reference: “The Solutionist Ethic and the
Spirit of Digital Capitalism” by Oliver Nachtwey and Timo Seidl, 23 October
2023, Theory, Culture & Society.
DOI: 10.1177/02632764231196829