Coffee drinking is a heritable habit, and one that carries a certain amount of genetic baggage.
By University of California - San Diego
Hayley H. A. Thorpe, Ph.D., is the lead author on the paper.
Thorpe, of the Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Schulich School of
Medicine and Dentistry at Western University in Ontario, explained that the
team collected genetic data as well as self-reported coffee-consumption numbers
to assemble a genome-wide association study (GWAS). The idea was to make
connections between the genes that were known to be associated with coffee
consumption and the traits or conditions related to health.
“We used this data to identify regions on the genome
associated with whether somebody is more or less likely to consume coffee,”
Thorpe explained. “And then identify the genes and biology that could underlie
coffee intake.”
Genetic Influences on Coffee Drinking
Abraham Palmer, Ph.D., is also a lead researcher on the paper and a professor in the UC San Diego School of Medicine Department of Psychiatry. He said that most people are surprised that there is a genetic influence on coffee consumption.
“We had good reason to suspect from earlier
papers that there were genes that influence how much coffee someone consumes,”
he said. “And so, we weren’t surprised to find that in both of the cohorts we
examined there was statistical evidence that this is a heritable trait. In
other words, the particular gene variants that you inherit from your parents
influence how much coffee you’re likely to consume.”
Sanchez-Roige said the genetic influence on coffee
consumption was the first of two questions the researchers wanted to address.
“The second is something that coffee lovers are really keen on learning,” Sanchez-Roige said. “Is drinking coffee good or bad? Is it associated with positive health outcomes or not?”
The answer is not definitive. The group’s genome-wide association study of 130,153 U.S.-based 23andMe research participants was compared with a similar UK Biobank database of 334,649 Britons, revealing consistent positive genetic associations between coffee and harmful health outcomes such as obesity and substance use.
A positive genetic association is a
connection between a specific gene variant (the genotype) and a specific
condition (the phenotype). Conversely, a negative genetic association is an apparent
protective quality discouraging the development of a condition. The findings
get more complicated when it comes to psychiatric conditions.
Challenges in Data Comparison and Cultural Differences
“Look at the genetics of anxiety, for instance, or bipolar
and depression: In the 23andMe data set, they tend to be positively genetically
correlated with coffee intake genetics,” Thorpe said. “But then, in the UK
Biobank, you see the opposite pattern, where they’re negatively genetically
correlated. This is not what we expected.”
She said there were other instances in which the 23andMe set
didn’t align with the UK Biobank, but the greatest disagreement was in
psychiatric conditions.
“It’s common to combine similar datasets in this field to
increase study power. This information paints a fairly clear picture that
combining these two datasets was really not a wise idea. And we didn’t end up
doing that,” Thorpe said. She explained that melding the databases might mask
effects, leading researchers toward incorrect conclusions — or even canceling
each other out.
Sanchez-Roige says the researchers have some ideas about how
the differences in results arose. To begin with, there was an
apples-and-oranges aspect to the surveys. For instance, the 23andMe survey
asked, “How many 5-ounce (cup-sized) servings of caffeinated coffee do you
consume each day?” Compare it to the UK Biobank’s “How many cups of coffee do
you drink each day? (Include decaffeinated coffee)”
Beyond serving size and the caffeinated/decaf divide, the surveys made no accommodations for the various ways coffee is served. “We know that in the U.K., they have generally higher preference for instant coffee, whereas ground coffee is more preferred in the U.S.,” Thorpe said.
“And then there’s the frappuccinos,” Sanchez-Roige added,
citing the American trend of taking coffee loaded with sugary additives. Palmer
mentioned other caffeinated drinks, especially in the context of the UK
Biobank, tea, none of which were included in the GWAS, which addressed only
coffee. Palmer added that the GWAS demonstrates the relationship between
genotype and phenotype is more different than the relationship between coffee
and tea.
“Genetics influences lots of things. For instance, it
influences how tall you might be,” he said. “And those kinds of things probably
would play out very similarly, whether you lived in the U.S. or the U.K. But
coffee is a decision that people make.”
Genetic and Environmental Interactions
Sanchez-Roige pointed out that coffee comes in a variety of
forms, from instant to frappuccino, and is consumed amid cultural norms that
differ from place to place. A person with a given genotype might end up having
quite a different phenotype living in the U.K. versus the U.S.
“And that’s really what the data are telling us,” she said.
“Because unlike height, where your behavior doesn’t really have much to do with
it, your behavior and the choices you’re making in your environment play out in
various ways. So the interaction between genotype and environment complicates
the picture.”
The collaborators stressed the need for more investigation
to unravel the relationships between genetics and the environment, focusing not
only on coffee/caffeine intake but also other substance-use issues.
Reference: “Genome-wide association studies of coffee intake
in UK/US participants of European ancestry uncover cohort-specific genetic
associations” by Hayley H. A. Thorpe, Pierre Fontanillas, Benjamin K. Pham,
John J. Meredith, Mariela V. Jennings, Natasia S. Courchesne-Krak, Laura
Vilar-Ribó, Sevim B. Bianchi, Julian Mutz, 23andMe Research Team, Sarah L.
Elson, Jibran Y. Khokhar, Abdel Abdellaoui, Lea K. Davis, Abraham A. Palmer and
Sandra Sanchez-Roige, 11 June 2024, Neuropsychopharmacology.
DOI:
10.1038/s41386-024-01870-x
